Devon
| Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R) |
Devon (डेवोन) is a county in South West England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south.
Variants
- Devonshire (डेवोनशायर)
Location
It is bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the north-east and Dorset to the east. The county includes the districts of East Devon, Mid Devon, North Devon, South Hams, Teignbridge, Torridge and West Devon and the city of Exeter, its county town. The other two large urban areas Plymouth and Torbay are each geographically part of Devon, but are administered as unitary authorities.[1]
Origin of name
The name Devon derives from the name of the Brythons who inhabited the southwestern peninsula of Britain at the time of the Roman conquest of Britain known as the Dumnonii, thought to mean 'deep valley dwellers' from proto Celtic *dubnos 'deep'. In the Brittonic, Devon is known as Welsh: Dyfnaint, Breton: Devnent and Cornish: Dewnens, each meaning 'deep valleys'. Among the most common Devon placenames is -combe which derives from Brittonic cwm meaning 'valley' usually prefixed by the name of the possessor.
Devon derives its name from Dumnonia (the shift from m to v is a typical Celtic consonant shift). During the British Iron Age, Roman Britain and the early Middle Ages, this was the homeland of the Dumnonii Brittonic Celts.
The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries. The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936. Devon was later constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England.
Jat clans
History
Kents Cavern in Torquay had produced human remains from 30 to 40,000 years ago. Dartmoor is thought to have been occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer peoples from about 6000 BC. The Romans held the area under military occupation for around 350 years. Later, the area began to experience Saxon incursions from the east around 600 AD, firstly as small bands of settlers along the coasts of Lyme Bay and southern estuaries and later as more organised bands pushing in from the east. Devon became a frontier between Brittonic and Anglo-Saxon Wessex, and it was largely absorbed into Wessex by the mid ninth century.
A genetic study carried out by the University of Oxford & University College London discovered separate genetic groups in Cornwall and Devon. Not only were there differences on either side of the River Tamar—-with a division almost exactly following the modern county boundary and dating back to the sixth century CE[2]—but also between Devon and the rest of Southern England. Devon's population also exhibited similarities with modern northern France, including Brittany. This suggests the Anglo-Saxon migration into Devon was limited, rather than a mass movement of people.[3][4]
The border with Cornwall was set by King Æthelstan on the east bank of the River Tamar in 936 AD. Danish raids also occurred sporadically along many coastal parts of Devon between around 800 AD and just before the time of the Norman conquest, including the silver mint at Hlidaforda Lydford in 997 and Taintona (a settlement on the Teign estuary) in 1001.[5]
Devon was the home of a number of anticlerical movements in the Later Middle Ages. For example, the Order of Brothelyngham—a fake monastic order of 1348 — regularly rode through Exeter, kidnapping both religious men and laymen, and extorting money from them as ransom.[6]
Devon has also featured in most of the civil conflicts in England since the Norman conquest, including the Wars of the Roses, Perkin Warbeck's rising in 1497, the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549, and the English Civil War. The arrival of William of Orange to launch the Glorious Revolution of 1688 took place at Brixham.[7]
Devon has produced tin, copper and other metals from ancient times. Devon's tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through Devon's Stannary Convocation, which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748.[8]
Economy
The north and south coasts of Devon each have both cliffs and sandy shores, and the county's bays contain seaside resorts, fishing towns and ports. The inland terrain is rural, generally hilly and has a lower population density than many other parts of England. Dartmoor is the largest open space in southern England, at 954 km2 ;[9] its moorland extends across a large expanse of granite bedrock. To the north of Dartmoor are the Culm Measures and Exmoor. In the valleys and lowlands of south and east Devon the soil is more fertile, drained by rivers including the Exe, the Culm, the Teign, the Dart and the Otter.
As well as agriculture, much of the economy of Devon is based on tourism. The comparatively mild climate, coastline and landscape make Devon a destination for recreation and leisure in England. Visitors are particularly attracted to the Dartmoor and Exmoor national parks; its coasts, including the resort towns along the south coast known collectively as the English Riviera; the Jurassic Coast and North Devon's UNESCO Biosphere Reserve; and the countryside including the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape. ailway; indeed in some areas it came close to entirely replacing thatch. Unbaked earth, often mixed with straw, is an ancient material. Employed walls of buildings, its use was wide spread in Britain until 19th century. These buildings keep cool in summer and warm in winter.The greatest construction of earth-built structures are in southwest, East Anglia and in parts of midlands. [10]
Rural life
Quarried in Devon, Cornwall and Wales, slate has been used since 12th century. Its use increased dramatically during 18-19th century with the development of canals and railway; indeed in some areas it came close to entirely replacing thatch. Unbaked earth, often mixed with straw, is an ancient material. Employed walls of buildings, its use was wide spread in Britain until 19th century. These buildings keep cool in summer and warm in winter.The greatest construction of earth-built structures are in southwest, East Anglia and in parts of midlands. [11]
डेवन
डेवन दक्षिण पश्चिम इंग्लैंड का एक काउंटी है, जो उत्तर में ब्रिस्टल चैनल से दक्षिण में इंग्लिश चैनल तक पहुंचता है। यह पश्चिम में कॉर्नवाल, उत्तर-पूर्व में समरसेट और पूर्व में डोरसेट से घिरा है। एक्सेटर शहर काउंटी शहर है। काउंटी में ईस्ट डेवन, मिड डेवन, नॉर्थ डेवन, साउथ हैम्स, टेइग्नब्रिज, टॉरिज और वेस्ट डेवन के जिले शामिल हैं। प्लायमाउथ और टोरबे प्रत्येक भौगोलिक रूप से डेवन का हिस्सा हैं, लेकिन उन्हें एकात्मक प्राधिकरण के रूप में प्रशासित किया जाता है।
डेवन का नाम डुमोनिया से लिया गया है (एम से वी में बदलाव एक विशिष्ट सेल्टिक व्यंजन बदलाव है)। ब्रिटिश लौह युग, रोमन ब्रिटेन और प्रारंभिक मध्य युग के दौरान, यह डमनोनी ब्रिटोनिक सेल्ट्स की मातृभूमि थी। ब्रिटेन के एंग्लो-सैक्सन समझौते के परिणामस्वरूप आठवीं और नौवीं शताब्दी के दौरान वेसेक्स के राज्य में डुमनोनिया का आंशिक रूप से आत्मसात हो गया। कॉर्नवाल के साथ पश्चिमी सीमा 936 में राजा एथेलस्टन द्वारा तामार नदी पर स्थापित की गई थी। डेवन को बाद में इंग्लैंड के राज्य के एक शायर के रूप में गठित किया गया था।
डेवन के उत्तर और दक्षिण तटों में से प्रत्येक में चट्टानें और रेतीले किनारे हैं, और काउंटी की खाड़ी में समुद्र तटीय सैरगाह, मछली पकड़ने के शहर और बंदरगाह हैं। अंतर्देशीय भूभाग ग्रामीण है, आमतौर पर पहाड़ी है और इंग्लैंड के कई अन्य हिस्सों की तुलना में कम जनसंख्या घनत्व है। डार्टमूर 954 वर्ग किमी में दक्षिणी इंग्लैंड में सबसे बड़ा खुला स्थान है; इसकी दलदली भूमि ग्रेनाइट आधारशिला के एक बड़े विस्तार में फैली हुई है। डार्टमूर के उत्तर में कुल्म उपाय और एक्समूर हैं। दक्षिण और पूर्व डेवन की घाटियों और तराई में मिट्टी अधिक उपजाऊ है, जिसमें एक्स, कल्म, टीग, डार्ट और ओटर सहित नदियों द्वारा सूखा जाता है।
डेवन की अधिकांश अर्थव्यवस्था कृषि और पर्यटन पर आधारित है। तुलनात्मक रूप से हल्की जलवायु, समुद्र तट और परिदृश्य, डेवन को इंग्लैंड में मनोरंजन और अवकाश के लिए एक गंतव्य बनाते हैं। आगंतुक विशेष रूप से डार्टमूर और एक्समूर राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों की ओर आकर्षित होते हैं; इसके तट, दक्षिण तट के साथ रिसोर्ट कस्बों सहित सामूहिक रूप से अंग्रेजी रिवेरा के रूप में जाना जाता है; जुरासिक तट और उत्तर डेवन का यूनेस्को बायोस्फीयर रिजर्व; और कॉर्नवाल और वेस्ट डेवन माइनिंग लैंडस्केप सहित ग्रामीण इलाकों में।
Gallery
External links
References
- ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Devon
- ↑ "Who do you think you really are? A genetic map of the British Isles – University of Oxford"
- ↑ "Who do you think you really are? The first fine-scale genetic map of the British Isles". wellcome.ac.uk.
- ↑ UK mapped out by genetic ancestry
- ↑ "Lydford Silver Pennies In The Stockholm Coin Museum". Lydford.co.uk.
- ↑ Heale, M. (2016). The Abbots and Priors of Late Medieval and Reformation England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-19870-253-5.
- ↑ Ackroyd, Peter (2014). Rebellion: The History of England from James I to the Glorious Revolution. Macmillan. p. 465. ISBN 978-1-4668-5599-1.
- ↑ "Devon's Mining History and Stannary parliament". users.senet.com.au.
- ↑ "Welcome to the Dartmoor National Park Authority". Naturalengland.org.uk.
- ↑ Rural Britain Then and Now : A Celebration of the British Countryside Featuring Photographs from the Francis Frith Collection by Roger Hunt, Forward by Sir Simon Jenkins, 2009, by Bounty Books, isbn:978-0-753719-53-4,pp.38-39
- ↑ Rural Britain Then and Now : A Celebration of the British Countryside Featuring Photographs from the Francis Frith Collection by Roger Hunt, Forward by Sir Simon Jenkins, 2009, by Bounty Books, isbn:978-0-753719-53-4,pp.38-39