Bushehr

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Author: Laxman Burdak, IFS (R).
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Bushehr is the capital city of Bushehr Province, Iran and a port city in south of Iran.

Variants

Location

Bushehr lies in a vast plain running along the coastal region on the Persian Gulf coast of south-western Iran. It is built near the ancient port city of Rishahr (Sassanian, Riv Ardasher). It was the chief seaport of the country and is the administrative center of its province. Its location is about 1,218 kilometres south of Tehran. Bushehr has a desert climate.

Bushehr was the main trade center of Iran in the past centuries. The city structures are traditional in style, modest in proportion and cost. Due to its lack of rail connection to the interior of the country and its shallow anchorage, it has lost its position as the primary port of Iran.

Etymology

During the Sassanian era, the name of the city was Ram Ardashir and later become Reyshahr, eventually this turned in to Bushehr, which is the current name of the city.[1]

History

To the south of the present city, at Reeshire, are the remains of an earlier Elamite (c 3000 BCE) settlement. During the Greek Macedonian Seleucid dynasty, the city was refounded as Antiochia in Persis (Αντιόχεια της Περσίδος) by Seleucus Nicator. A few decades later the city was rebuilt by Seleucus's son Antiochus who transferred there colonists from Magnesia. Also, the Seleucid king Antiochus stayed there for a while in 205 B.C. after his campaign to the eastern provinces (212 -205 B.C.). Antiochia remained under Greek Seleucid rule until circa 170 B.C. It was one of the most important ports of the Sasanian navy and was named after the first king of this dynasty, Ardashir I.

In the 5th century AD, Bushehr was the seat of the Nestorian Christian expansion into southern Iran.

Situation and significance

The strategic location of the city of Bushehr has been the main reason for the establishment of the port of Bushehr. During the 1st and 2nd Millennium BCE, the Peninsula of Bushehr was a thriving and flourishing seat of civilization called "Rey Shahr". Many relics have been found in this regard related to the Elamite era and the civilization of Shoush (Susa). These structures of "Rey Shahr" are said to be related to Ardeshir of the Sassanid dynasty and "Rey Shahr" was formerly known by the name of Ram Ardeshir. Thereby through the passage of time came to be called Rey Shahr and thence Bushehr.

The Persian Gulf and consequently the province of Bushehr enjoys a remarkable situation with trade in addition to its remarkable situation regarding military affairs. For these reasons the Europeans were interested to take control of the region and the city of Bushehr. The Portuguese invaded the city of Bushehr in 1506 CE and attempted to take the place of the Egyptian and the Venetian traders who were dominant in the region.

In 1734 Nader Shah of Afsharid dynasty chose it as the site for an Iranian naval base. During the Zand era, the region was a place for political challenges between different countries and political groups. When the Qajar dynasty replaced the Zand dynasty, they had less control over the region of the Persian Gulf, so the British influence in the region increased gradually.

At the end of the 18th century, the British and Dutch transferred their regional commercial offices to Bushehr, and during the 19th century, the town was prominent as the home of the British political agent for the Persian Gulf. The Consulate General of British governed Bushehr for 20 years. This situation had lasted till 1913, and during the long battle between the Iranian and the British troops, the Iranians lost in 1857 and the British influence expanded to include all the Persian Gulf coast. But in 1913 the Iranians won the long battle. Britain moved its diplomatic and commercial center across the Persian Gulf to Bahrein in 1946. The city was economically depressed until the 1960s when the government initiated a major development program. In 1975 the government began building a nuclear power plant at Bushehr. This facility was only partially completed when it was bombed by Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). When Germany, the initial backer of the plant, declined to complete it after the war, Iran tried to secure aid from other countries. In 1995, however, Russia signed an agreement to finish the plant. Aerial view of Bushehr (1925) photographed by Walter Mittelholzer, ETH-Bibliothek.

Bushehr is one of the important ports in Persian Gulf which has an international airport, and highways connect the city to Ahvaz to the northwest and Shiraz to the northeast. A secondary coastal road links Bushehr to Bandar-e Abbas to the southeast. The old section of central Bushehr has many examples of traditional Persian Gulf architecture from the period 1870 to 1920.

Bushehr is an export market for the farm produce of the neighboring and fertile Fars Province. Bushehr's industries include seafood canneries, food-processing plants, and engineering firms.

Mention by Pliny

Pliny[2] mentions....They (The fleet of Alexander commanded by Oncsicritus sailed from India into the heart of Persia) then came to the island of Athothradus, and those called the Gauratæ, upon which dwells the nation of the Gyani; the river Hyperis15 , which discharges itself midway into the Persian Gulf, and is navigable for merchant ships; the river Sitiogagus, from which to Pasargadæ16 is seven days' sail; a navigable river known as the Phristimus, and an island without a name; and then the river Granis17, navigable for vessels of small burden, and flowing through Susiane; the Deximontani, a people who manufacture bitumen, dwell on its right bank. The river Zarotis comes next, difficult of entrance at its mouth, except by those who are well acquainted with it; and then two small islands; after which the fleet sailed through shallows which looked very much like a marsh, but were rendered navigable by certain channels which had been cut there.

15 Forbiger has suggested that this may be the same as the modern Djayrah.

16 Mentioned again in c. 29 of the present Book. Its modern name is Pasa or Fasa-Kuri, according to Parisot.

17 Supposed to be the stream called by D'Anville and Thevenot the Boschavir, the river of Abushir or Busheer.

बूशहर

बूशहर या बुशिर ईरान के बूशहर प्रांत की राजधानी है। बूशहर दक्षिण-पश्चिमी ईरान के अरब खाड़ी तट पर तटीय क्षेत्र के साथ चलने वाले विशाल मैदान में स्थित है। यह प्राचीन बंदरगाह शहर ऋषहर (सासैनियन , रिव अर्दाशेर) के पास बनाया गया है। यह देश का मुख्य बंदरगाह था और यह अपने प्रांत का प्रशासनिक केंद्र है। इसका स्थान तेहरान के दक्षिण में लगभग 1,218 किलोमीटर है। पिछले शताब्दियों में बुशहर ईरान का मुख्य व्यापार केंद्र था।

नामकरण - ससानिद युग के दौरान, शहर का नाम राम अर्दाशीर था और बाद में रेशहर बन गया, अंत में यह बूशहर में बदल गया, जो कि शहर का वर्तमान नाम है।

इतिहास - वर्तमान शहर के दक्षिण में, रीशिर में, पहले एलामाइट (3000 ईसा पूर्व) संस्कृति के अवशेष हैं। यूनानी मैसेडोनियन सेलेक्यूड राजवंश के दौरान शहर को सेलेकस निकेटर द्वारा फारस में एंटीऑचिया (Αντιόχεια της Περσίδος) के रूप में दोहराया गया था । कुछ दशकों बाद शहर को सेल्यूकस के बेटे एंटीऑचस ने पुनर्निर्मित किया जिसने मैग्नेशिया से उपनिवेशवादियों को स्थानांतरित कर दिया। इसके अलावा सेलेसिड राजा एंटीऑचस पूर्वी प्रांतों (212 -205 ईसा पूर्व) के अभियान के बाद 205 ईसा पूर्व में थोड़ी देर के लिए वहां रहे। एंटीऑचिया 170 ईसा पूर्व तक यूनानी सेलेसिड शासन के अधीन रहा, यह सासैनियन नौसेना के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण बंदरगाहों में से एक था और इसका नाम इस वंश के पहले राजा अर्दाशीर प्रथम के नाम पर रखा गया था। 5 वीं शताब्दी ईस्वी में, बुशहर दक्षिणी ईरान में नेस्टरियन ईसाई विस्तार की सीट थी।

References

  1. ↑ Xavier de Planhol, “BŪŠEHR i. THE CITY,” Encyclopædia Iranica, IV/6, pp. 569-572
  2. ↑ Natural History by Pliny Book VI/Chapter 26

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