Domesday Book
| Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R) |
Domesday Book (डोम्सडे पुस्तक) – is a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of William I, known as William the Conqueror.[1]
Variants
- Domesday Book
- Domesday Book survey
- Doomsday Book (the Middle English spelling)
History
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that in 1085 the king sent his agents to survey every shire in England, to list his holdings and calculate the dues owed to him.[2]
Written in Medieval Latin, it was highly abbreviated and included some vernacular native terms without Latin equivalents. The survey's main purpose was to determine what taxes had been owed during the reign of King Edward the Confessor, thereby allowing William to reassert the rights of the Crown and assess where power lay after a wholesale redistribution of land following the Norman Conquest.
The assessors' reckoning of a man's holdings and their values, as recorded in Domesday Book, was considered final and could not be appealed. The name "Domesday Book" came into use in the 12th century.[3]Richard FitzNeal wrote in the Dialogus de Scaccario (c. 1179) that the book was so called because its decisions were unalterable, like those of the Last Judgement, and its sentence could not be quashed.[4]
The manuscript is held at The National Archives at Kew, London. The book was first published in full in 1783; and in 2011 the Open Domesday site made the manuscript available online.[5]
The book is an invaluable primary source for modern historians and historical economists. No survey approaching the scope and extent of Domesday Book was attempted again in Britain until the 1873 Return of Owners of Land (sometimes termed the "Modern Domesday")[6] which presented the first complete, post-Domesday picture of the distribution of landed property in the land that made up the United Kingdom.[7]
Content
Domesday Book encompasses two independent works (originally, in two physical volumes): Little Domesday (covering Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex), and Great Domesday (covering much of the remainder of England – except for lands in the north that later became Westmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland, and the County Palatine of Durham – and parts of Wales bordering, and included within, English counties).[8]
No surveys were made of the City of London, Winchester, or some other towns, probably due to their tax-exempt status. Other areas of modern London were then in Middlesex, Kent, Essex, etc., and are included in Domesday Book. Most of Cumberland and Westmorland and the entirety of the County Palatine of Durham and Northumberland were probably omitted as these areas represented border provinces where power remained in the hands of local lords.[9]
डोम्सडे पुस्तक
डोम्सडे पुस्तक, इंग्लैड का भूसर्वेक्षण संबंधी विवरण देनेवाली पुस्तक का नाम है। यह सर्वेक्षण सन् 1086 में विजेता विलियम के आदेश से उसके अफसरों द्वारा कराया गया था। इसका उद्देश्य भूमिकर तथा अन्य कर लगाने के इरादे से आवश्यक जानकारी एवं तथ्य एकत्र करना था। राजसत्ता के अधीन जमीन जायदाद का मूल्यांकन भी इसका लक्ष्य था। इसकी सहायता से विलियम को अपने सामंतों की धनसंपत्ति का तथा उनकी शक्ति का भी पता लग सकता था।
यह दो खंडों में तैयार की गई थी। पहले खंड में अधिकांश इंग्लैंड की भूमियों, संपत्तियों, कृषकों, आदि का विवरण दिया गया है और दूसरे में केवल इसेक्स, सफोक तथा नारफोक नामक काउंटियों का ब्योरा है। कंबरलैंड, नार्दबर लैड तथा लंदन संबंधी विवरण छोड़ दिए गए हैं। उत्तर आंग्ल सैक्सन काल तथा नार्मन विजय के प्रारंभिक काल की भूमि संबंधी तथ्य प्राप्त करने के लिये यह विवरिणी सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण साधन है।
विजेता विलियम एक चतुर और दूरदर्शी राजनीतिज्ञ था। उसने इंगलैंड की सम्पत्ति और आय के स्रोतों की जाँच करवाई। यह जाँच इतनी पूर्ण थी कि कोई भूमि, सड़क तथा पशु आदि ऐसा न था जिसे पुस्तक में दर्ज न किया गया हो। यह जाँच सन् 1086 ई० में सम्पूर्ण हो गई और इसे ‘डूम्स्डे’ नामक पुस्तक में दर्ज किया गया। इसी को “डूम्सडे पुस्तक” (Doomsday Book) कहते हैं। यह प्रत्येक भूपति के नाम और उसकी जायदाद का वर्णन करती है तथा 11वीं शताब्दी के इंगलैंड के हालात का बहुमूल्य अभिलेख (Record) है। इससे सरकार की आय भी निश्चित हो गई और सरदारों की शक्ति का भी ज्ञान हो गया। यह पुस्तक उस समय के इंगलैंड का सच्चा चित्र है.[10]
External links
References
- ↑ "Domesday Book". Merriam-Webster Online.
- ↑ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Translated by Giles, J. A.; Ingram, J. Project Gutenberg. 1996.
- ↑ Emerson, Ralph Waldo & Burkholder, Robert E. (Notes) (1971). The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson: English Traits. Vol. 5. Harvard University Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0674139923.
- ↑ Johnson, C., ed. (1950). Dialogus de Scaccario, the Course of the Exchequer, and Constitutio Domus Regis, the King's Household. London. p. 64.
- ↑ Cellan-Jones, Rory (13 May 2011). "Domesday Reloaded project: The 1086 version". BBC News.
- ↑ Hoskins, W.G. (1954). A New Survey of England. Devon, London. p. 87.
- ↑ eturn of Owners of Land, 1873, Wales, Scotland, Ireland. 1873.
- ↑ https://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/wales
- ↑ Darby, Henry Clifford (1986). Domesday England. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
- ↑ Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Chapter IV,p.407