Majapahit
| Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R) |
Majapahit (मजपहित) was a Hindu Empire and thalassocracy in Southeast Asia, based on the island of Java (part of modern-day Indonesia), that existed from 1293 to circa 1500.
Variants
- Majapahit (मजपहित) = Bilvatikta (बिल्वतिक्त) (मज=बिल्ब, पहित=तिक्त)
- Tiktabilva (तिक्तबिल्व) = Bilvatikta बिल्वतिक्त (जावा) (AS, p.399)
- Tiktavilva (तिक्तविल्व)
- Vilvatikta (विल्वतिक्त)
- Mojopait
- Wilwatikta
- Bhumi Jawa
- Mandala Jawa
Etymology
The name Majapahit derives from local Javanese, meaning "bitter maja". German orientalist Berthold Laufer suggested that maja came from the Javanese name of Aegle marmelos, an Indonesian tree.[1]The name originally referred to the area in and around Trowulan, the cradle of Majapahit, which was linked to the establishment of a village in Tarik timberland by Raden Wijaya. It was said that the workers clearing the Tarik timberland encountered some bael trees and consumed its bitter-tasting fruit that subsequently become the village's name.[2] It is a common practice in Java to name an area, a village or settlement with the most conspicuous or abundant tree or fruit species found in that region. In ancient Java it is common to refer the kingdom with its capital's name. Majapahit (sometimes also spelled Mojopait) is also known by other names: Wilwatikta, although sometimes the natives refer to their kingdom as Bhumi Jawa or Mandala Jawa instead.
History
Majapahit reached its peak of glory during the era of Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 was marked by conquest which extended through Southeast Asia. His achievement is also credited to his prime minister, Gajah Mada. According to the Nagarakretagama (Desawarñana) written in 1365, Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributaries, stretching from Sumatra to New Guinea;[3][4] consisting of present-day Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, southern Thailand, East Timor, Sulu Archipelago and other parts of the Philippines, although the true nature of Majapahit sphere of influence is still the subject of studies among historians.[5][6]
Majapahit was one of the last major Hindu empires of the region and is considered to be one of the greatest and most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia, one that is sometimes seen as the precedent for Indonesia's modern boundaries.[7][8]Its influence extended beyond the modern territory of Indonesia and has been the subject of many studies.[9][10]
तिक्तबिल्व
विजयेन्द्र कुमार माथुर[11] ने लेख किया है ...तिक्तबिल्ब (AS, p.399) या 'बिल्वतिक्त' जावा में स्थित था। यह मजपहित नामक नगर का प्राचीन भारतीय नाम था। 1294 ई. में इस नगर को जावा की राजधानी बनाया गया था। मुसलमानों के जावा पर अधिकार होने तक (15वीं शती ईसवी का अंतिम भाग) यहाँ पर हिन्दू राजा राज करते रहे। तिक्तबिल्ब मजपहित का ही संस्कृत अनुवाद है- मज=बिल्ब, पहित=तिक्त
External links
References
- ↑ The Brunei Museum journal, Volume 4, Issue 1 – Page 192
- ↑ Mahandis Y. Thamrin (September 2012). "10 November, Hari Berdirinya Majapahit" (in Indonesian). National Geographic Indonesia.
- ↑ Cribb, Robert (2013). Historical Atlas of Indonesia. Routledge. ISBN 9781136780578. p.87
- ↑ Majapahit Overseas Empire, Digital Atlas of Indonesian History
- ↑ Wood, Michael. "The Borderlands of Southeast Asia Chapter 2: Archaeology, National Histories, and National Borders in Southeast Asia" (PDF): 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2015.
- ↑ Wood, Michael. "The Borderlands of Southeast Asia Chapter 2: Archaeology, National Histories, and National Borders in Southeast Asia" (PDF): 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2015.
- ↑ Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press / Macmillans. ISBN 9780804721950.p.19
- ↑ Sita W. Dewi (9 April 2013). "Tracing the glory of Majapahit". The Jakarta Post.
- ↑ Prapantja, Rakawi, trans. by Theodore Gauthier Pigeaud, Java in the 14th Century, A Study in Cultural History: The Negara-Kertagama by Rakawi Prapanca of Majapahit, 1365 AD (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1962), vol. 4, p. 29. 34
- ↑ G.J. Resink, Indonesia’s History Between the Myths: Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory (The Hague: W. van Hoeve, 1968), p. 21.
- ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.399