Pannonia

Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)

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Pannonia in the 2nd century

Pannonia (पन्नोनिया) was a province of the Roman Empire. (modern-day Ptuj, Slovenia).

Variants of name

• Pannoni

Jat Gotras Namesake

• Punia = Pannoni
• Panni = Pannoni

Location

Pannonia is bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located over the territory of the present-day western Hungary, eastern Austria, northern Croatia, north-western Serbia, northern Slovenia, western Slovakia and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Origin of name

• Julius Pokorny believed the name Pannonia is derived from Illyrian, from the Proto-Indo-European root *pen-, "swamp, water, wet" (cf. English fen, "marsh"; Hindi pani (पानी), "water").

• Others believe that the name is related to the god of the nature, goats and shepherds Pan and/or pan, the Proto-Slavic/Proto-Indo-European word for lord/master, which could mean Pan's Land or Land of the Master(s), which is more probable due the fact the Ionian fleet supplied Pannonia via Black Sea and Danube, and Panionium festivities were also well known in the region to its Celtic, Adriatic Veneti and Scythian inhabitants.

Jat clans

• Panni - H. W. Bellew writes....The Paioni on the river Strymon, not far from the Hellespont, were a branch of the Panni, or Pannoni, who gave their name to the country called Pannonia. Dr S.M. Yunus Jaffery writes that people of Panni clan in Afghanistan are Jats in their origin.

• Punia

History

Prior to Roman conquest: The first inhabitants of this area known to history were the Pannonii (Pannonians), a group of Indo-European tribes akin to Illyrians. From the 4th century BC, it was invaded by various Celtic tribes. Little is heard of Pannonia until 35 BC, when its inhabitants, allies of the Dalmatians, were attacked by Augustus, who conquered and occupied Siscia (Sisak). The country was not, however, definitively subdued by the Romans until 9 BC, when it was incorporated into Illyricum, the frontier of which was thus extended as far as the Danube.

Under Roman rule: In AD 6, the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, engaged in the so-called Great Illyrian Revolt, and were overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus, after a hard-fought campaign, which lasted for three years. After the rebellion was crushed in AD 9, the province of Illyricum was dissolved, and its lands were divided between the new provinces of Pannonia in the north and Dalmatia in the south. The date of the division is unknown, most certainly after AD 20 but before AD 50. The proximity of dangerous barbarian tribes (Quadi, Marcomanni) necessitated the presence of a large number of troops (seven legions in later times), and numerous fortresses were built on the bank of the Danube.

Some time between the years 102 and 107, between the first and second Dacian wars, Trajan divided the province into Pannonia Superior (western part with the capital Carnuntum), and Pannonia Inferior (eastern part with the capitals in Aquincum and Sirmium. According to Ptolemy, these divisions were separated by a line drawn from Arrabona in the north to Servitium in the south; later, the boundary was placed further east. The whole country was sometimes called the Pannonias (Pannoniae).

Pannonia Superior was under the consular legate, who had formerly administered the single province, and had three legions under his control. Pannonia Inferior was at first under a praetorian legate with a single legion as the garrison; after Marcus Aurelius, it was under a consular legate, but still with only one legion. The frontier on the Danube was protected by the establishment of the two colonies Aelia Mursia and Aelia Aquincum by Hadrian.

In the 4th-5th century, one of the dioceses of the Roman Empire was known as the Diocese of Pannonia. It had its capital in Sirmium and included all four provinces that were formed from historical Pannonia, as well as the provinces of Dalmatia, Noricum Mediterraneum and Noricum Ripense.

Post-Roman: Following the Migrations Period in the middle of the 5th century, Pannonia was ceded to the Huns by Theodosius II. After the collapse of the Hunnic empire in 454, large numbers of Ostrogoths were settled by Marcian in the province as foederati. The Eastern Roman Empire controlled it for a time in the 6th century, and a Byzantine province of Pannonia with its capital at Sirmium was temporarily restored, but it included only a small southeastern part of historical Pannonia.

Afterwards, it was again invaded by the Avars in the 560s, the Slavs, who first settled c. 480s but became independent only from the 7th century, and the Franks, who named a frontier march the March of Pannonia in the late 8th century. The term Pannonia was also used for a Slavic duchy that was vassal to the Franks.

Between the 5th and the 10th centuries, the romanized population of Pannonia developed the Romance Pannonian language, mainly around Lake Balaton in present-day western Hungary, where there was the keszthely culture. This language and the related culture became extinct with the arrival of the Magyars.

Jat History

H. W. Bellew writes....Herodotus gives some other instances of the transplanting of nations and tribes by king Darius after his return from the Skythian expedition. He says (Bk. v.) that, " Darius commanded Magabazus, whom he had left as his general in Thrakia, to remove the Paionoi from their abodes, and to bring to him themselves, their children, and their wives. "Magabazus accordingly

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[Page-54]: invaded Paionia, and took- possession of their towns, and the Paionoi immediately gave themselves up to the Persians. Thus the Siropaionoi and Paioplai, and the tribes of the Paionoi as far as the Lake Prasias were removed from their abodes, and transported into Asia. But those about Mount Pangaius and near the Doberoi, the Agrianai, Odomantoi, and those who inhabit Lake Prasias itself, were not at all subdued by Megabazus. . . . Those of the Paionoi then who were subdued were taken to Asia. . . . Megabazus, leading with him the Paionoi, arrived at the Hellespont, and having crossed over from thence, came to Sardis, bringing the Paionoi with him. . . . The Paionoi, who had been carried away captive by Megabazus from the river Strymon, occupied a tract in Phrygia, and a village by themselves." The tribes named as thus transported into Phrygia are the Paioni, the Paioplai, and the Doberi. The Paioni on the river Strymon, not far from the Hellespont, were a branch of the Panni, or Pannoni, who gave their name to the country called Pannonia.

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Dr S.M. Yunus Jaffery writes that under the same entry, the quotation of Adib Peshawar has also been given. Probably he has written about the Jats in Afghanistan:

“They are a clan of Hindus, now most of them have been honoured to adopt the Islamic faith. In the verbal history I have been told that people of Panni clan in Afghanistan are Jats in their origin. There are some small pockets of Jats in towns like Roudsar".

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Prof. B.S. Dhillon writes ....In 169 A.D. the Sarmatians crossed river Danube and invaded Pannonia, but at a later stage were defeated by the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180 A.D.) and after his victories over the Sarmatians he took the title "Sarmatlcus". As a result of their defeat, the Sarmatians were forced to reside at distance from the Danube and to contribute 8,000 cavalrymen to the Roman forces. Out of these 8,000 cavalrymen, Rome sent 5,500 to Britain to safeguard their interests. In a unit of 500, these cavalrymen were stationed on the northern border. So far, archeologists have uncovered at least four such sites in Great Britain [12, 33-34]. In Professor Sulimirskl's words, "The descendants of those (Sarmatians) who came to England In 175 A.D. probably still live somewhere in the country".

पन्नोनिया सिकुंडा

पन्नोनिया सिकुंडा (Pannonia Secunda) रोमन साम्राज्य के प्रांतों में से एक था । इसका गठन वर्ष 296 में सम्राट डायोक्लेटियन के शासनकाल के दौरान हुआ था । प्रांत की राजधानी सिरमियम (आज सेरेमस्का मित्रोविका ) थी। पैनोनिया सिकुंडा में वर्तमान सर्बिया , क्रोएशिया और बोस्निया और हर्जेगोविना के कुछ हिस्से शामिल थे ।

इस प्रांत के निर्माण से पहले, इसका क्षेत्र पन्नोनिया अवर प्रांत का हिस्सा था । वर्ष 296 में, पन्नोनिया अवर को दो प्रांतों में विभाजित किया गया था - दक्षिण में पन्नोनिया सिकुंडा और उत्तर में पन्नोनिया वेलेरिया । दो नए स्थापित प्रांतों के बीच की सीमा द्रवा नदी थी।

पैनोनिया सिकुंडा की राजधानी, सिरमियम भी रोमन साम्राज्य की चार राजधानियों में से एक थी; इस शहर में या उसके आस-पास कई रोमन सम्राट पैदा हुए थे।

वर्ष 314 में, शाही सिंहासन के दो दावेदारों, कॉन्स्टेंटाइन द ग्रेट और लिसिनियस के बीच लड़ाई हुई थी । लड़ाई सिबाले शहर के पास, पन्नोनिया सिकुंडा में हुई। कॉन्सटेंटाइन के पास २०,००० लोगों की सेना थी, जबकि लिसिनियस के पास ३५,००० लोग थे। लड़ाई पूरे दिन चली और कॉन्सटेंटाइन की जीत हुई।

5 वीं शताब्दी के दौरान, हूणों और गोथों सहित लोगों को पलायन करके, प्रांत पर कई बार छापा मारा गया था । [२] छठी शताब्दी के दौरान, क्षेत्र ओस्ट्रोगोथ्स , गेपिड्स , लैंगोबार्ड्स , अवार्स और बीजान्टिन साम्राज्य के बीच लड़ा गया था । [३]