Shrivijaya
| Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R) |
Shrivijaya (श्रीविजय) (also written Sri Vijaya or Sriwijaya in Malay or Indonesian)[1] was a Buddhist Indonesian empire based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia.[2]
Variants
- Bhoja भोज (AS, p.679)
- Shribhoja श्रीभोज = Shrivijaya श्रीविजय (Sumatra: सुमात्रा) (AS, p.922)
- Shrivijaya (श्रीविजय) (AS, p.924)
- Shrivishaya/Srivishaya श्रीविषय = Shrivijaya श्रीविजय (AS, p.924)
- Srivijaya/Sri Vijaya/ Sriwijaya (श्रीविजय)
Etymology
Srivijaya is a Sanskrit-derived name: श्रीविजय, Śrīvijaya. Śrī[3] means "fortunate", "prosperous", or "happy" and vijaya[4] means "victorious" or "excellence".[5] Thus, the combined word Srivijaya means "shining victory",[6] "splendid triumph", "prosperous victor", "radiance of excellence" or simply "glorious".
The Sundanese manuscript of Carita Parahyangan, composed around the late 16th-century in West Java mentioned about the name "Sang Sriwijaya". The manuscript describes princely hero that rose to be a king named Sanjaya that – after he secured his rule in Java – was involved in a battle with Keling against its king Sang Sriwijaya.
Reference- ["Téks Carita Parahyangan". Google Docs. Retrieved 6 December 2021].
History
Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 8th to the 12th century AD. Srivijaya was the first unified kingdom to dominate much of the Indonesian archipelago.[7] The rise of the Srivijayan Empire was parallel to the end of the Malay sea-faring period. Due to its location, this once-powerful state developed complex technology utilizing maritime resources. In addition, its economy became progressively reliant on the booming trade in the region, thus transforming it into a prestige goods-based economy.[8]
The earliest reference to it dates from the 7th century. A Tang Chinese monk, Yijing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for six months.[9][10] The earliest known inscription in which the name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century in the Kedukan Bukit inscription found near Palembang, Sumatra, dated 16 June 682.[11] Between the late 7th and early 11th century, Srivijaya rose to become a hegemon in Southeast Asia. It was involved in close interactions, often rivalries, with the neighbouring Java, Kambuja and Champa. Srivijaya's main foreign interest was nurturing lucrative trade agreements with China which lasted from the Tang to the Song dynasty. Srivijaya had religious, cultural and trade links with the Buddhist Pala of Bengal, as well as with the Islamic Caliphate in the Middle East.
The kingdom ceased to exist in the 13th century due to various factors, including the expansion of the rival Javanese Singhasari and Majapahit empires.[12] After Srivijaya fell, it was largely forgotten.
It was not until 1918 that French historian George Cœdès, of École française d'Extrême-Orient, formally postulated its existence.[13]
श्रीविजय
विजयेन्द्र कुमार माथुर[14] ने लेख किया है ... श्रीविजय (AS, p.924) सुमात्रा (इंडोनेशिया) द्वीप में बसा हुआ सर्वप्रथम भारतीय उपनिवेश, जिसका वर्तमान नाम 'पेलंबंग' है। इस राज्य की स्थापना चौथी शती ई. में या उससे भी पहले हुई थी। सातवीं शती में 'श्रीविजय' या 'श्रीभोज' वैभव के शिखर पर था। 671 ई. में चीनी यात्री इत्सिंग श्रीभोज (=श्रीविजय) होते हुए भारत आया था। उसने यहां की राजधानी 'भोज' लिखी है। इस समय इसके अधीन एक अन्य हिन्दू राज्य 'मलयू' तथा निकटवर्ती द्वीप 'बांका' भी थे। 684 ई. में श्रीविजय पर बौद्ध राजा या उसके उत्तराधिकारी ने जावा के विरुद्ध सैनिक अभियान भेजा था और एक घोषणा प्रचारित की थी, जिसकी दो प्रतिलिपियां प्रस्तर लेखों के रूप में आज भी सुरक्षित हैं। चीनी यात्री इत्सिंग के लेख के अनुसार श्रीविजय बौद्ध संस्कृति तथा शिक्षा का केन्द्र था। श्रीविजय के राजा के पास व्यापारिक जलयानों का एक बड़ा बेड़ा था, जिससे भारत और श्रीविजय के बीच व्यापार होता था। 7वीं शती ई. में मलय प्रायद्वीप में भी श्रीविजय की राज्य सत्ता स्थापित हो गई थी। श्रीविजय का नामांतर 'श्रीविषय' है।
External links
References
- ↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.p.131
- ↑ Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 171. ISBN 981-4155-67-5.
- ↑ Glashoff, Klaus. "Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit". spokensanskrit.org.
- ↑ Glashoff, Klaus. "Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit". spokensanskrit.org.
- ↑ Munoz. Early Kingdoms. p. 117.
- ↑ "Srivijaya: A primer - Part 1 | SEAArch - Southeast Asian Archaeology". SEAArch - Southeast Asian Archaeology. 7 June 2007.
- ↑ Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli (31 August 2015). "The unsung Malay history". Astro Awani.
- ↑ Laet, Sigfried J. de; Herrmann, Joachim (1994). History of Humanity. Routledge.
- ↑ Munoz. Early Kingdoms. p. 122.
- ↑ Zain, Sabri. "Sejarah Melayu, Buddhist Empires".
- ↑ Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; Darrell Tryon (1995). "The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives".
- ↑ Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 171.
- ↑ Munoz. Early Kingdoms. p. 117.
- ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.924