Venad

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Venad (वेनाड) was the ancient name of Travancore in Kerala. It was a medieval kingdom lying between the Western Ghat mountains and the Arabian Sea on the south-western tip of India with its headquarters at the port city of Kollam/Quilon.[1][2]

Variants

Origin

The name Venad is believed to be derived from Vēḷ+nāṭu meaning the territory of the Vel chieftains. The earliest preserved Tamil compositions - datable to c. 1st – 4th century CE – attests presence of hill chiefs[3] such as the "Vels" in southern Kerala.[4][5][6]

Jat clans

  • Ven (वेन)

History

Venad was one of the major principalities of Kerala, along with kingdoms of Kannur (Kolathunadu), Kozhikode and Kochi (Perumpadappu) in medieval and early modern period.[7][8]

Rulers of Venad trace their ancestry to the Vel chieftains related to the Ay lineage of the early historic south India (c. 1st – 4th century CE).[9][10] Venad – ruled by hereditary "Venad Adikal" – appears as an autonomous chiefdom in the kingdom of the Chera/Perumals of Kodungallur from around 8th – 9th century CE.[11] It came to occupy a position of pre-eminent importance in the structuring of the Perumal kingdom.[12] The country was intermittently and partially subject to the Pandya kingdom and the Chola empire among others in the medieval period.[13][14]

Venad outlasted the Chera/Perumal kingdom, gradually developed as an independent principality, known as the Chera kingdom[15], and grew later into modern Travancore (18th century CE).[16][17] Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, most ambitious ruler of Venad, carried out a successful military expedition to Pandya and Chola lands in the early 14th century CE.[18]

The rulers of Venad, known in the medieval period as Venad Cheras[19] or the Kulasekharas, claimed their ancestry from the Chera/Perumals.[20] Venad ruler Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma (1516–1535) acknowledged the supremacy of the Vijayanagara rulers. Minor battles with Vijayanagara forces in the subsequent period are also recorded.[21] In the 17th century, the rulers of Venad paid an annual tribute to the Nayaks of Madurai.[22] English East India Company established a factory at Vizhinjam in 1664 and a fort was built at Ajengo in 1695.[23] The medieval feudal relations and political authority were dismantled Marthanda Varma (1729–1758), often credited as "the Maker of Travancore".[24]

वेनाड (केरल)

वेनाड (AS, p.876): त्रिवांकुर (केरल) का प्राचीन नाम था। 18 वीं शती के मध्य काल में राजा मार्तंड वर्मा ने वेनाड राज्य की सीमाएं बहुत विस्तृत कर ली थीं। 'रामीन' नामक एक सैनिक ने राजा मार्तंड वर्मा के राज्य विस्तार कार्य में उसकी बहुत सहायता की थी। अपनी अभूतपूर्व विजयों के पश्चात् मार्तड वर्मा ने केरल राज्य को त्रिवेंद्रम के अधिष्ठातृ देवता 'श्रीपद्मनाभ' के लिए समर्पित कर दिया था। इसके पश्चात् ही त्रिवांकुर राज्य की राजधानी त्रिवेंद्रम में स्थापित की गई और वेनाड का नया नाम त्रिवांकुर (ट्रावनकोर) प्रचलित हुआ। (दे. त्रिवांकुर, केरल)[25]

External links

References

  1. ↑ Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
  2. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. ‘The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala’, in State and Society in Premodern South India, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp.111–19. Thrissur, CosmoBooks.
  3. ↑ Ganesh, K.N. (February 1990). "The Process of State Formation in Travancore". Studies in History. 6 (1): 15–33. doi:10.1177/025764309000600102. ISSN 0257-6430
  4. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. ‘The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala’, in State and Society in Premodern South India, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp.111–19. Thrissur, CosmoBooks.
  5. ↑ Aiya, V. Nagam. The Travancore State Manual. Vol 1. Part 2. Trivandrum: The Travancore Government Press, 1906
  6. ↑ Pillai Elamkulam, P. N. Kunhan. Keralam Ancum Arum Nurrantukalil. Kottayam (Kerala), 1961.
  7. ↑ Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
  8. ↑ Menon, T. Madhava. A Handbook of Kerala. Vol 1. Trivandrum: Dravidian Linguistics Association, 2002.
  9. ↑ Ganesh, K.N. (June 2009). "Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala". Indian Historical Review. 36 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1177/037698360903600102. ISSN 0376-9836.
  10. ↑ Aiya, V. Nagam. The Travancore State Manual. Vol 1. Part 2. Trivandrum: The Travancore Government Press, 1906
  11. ↑ Ganesh, K.N. (June 2009). "Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala". Indian Historical Review. 36 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1177/037698360903600102. ISSN 0376-9836.
  12. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 191 – 193, 435 – 437.
  13. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. ‘The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala’, in State and Society in Premodern South India, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp.111–19. Thrissur, CosmoBooks.
  14. ↑ Travancore." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2011.
  15. ↑ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 368.
  16. ↑ Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
  17. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. ‘The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala’, in State and Society in Premodern South India, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp.111–19. Thrissur, CosmoBooks.
  18. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 191 – 193, 435 – 437.
  19. ↑ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 368. Menon 2007, p. 118.
  20. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 191 – 193, 435 – 437.
  21. ↑ Menon, A Sreedhara, Kerala History and its Makers. Kottayam (Kerala): DC Books, 1987. 74–75.
  22. ↑ Menon, T. Madhava. A Handbook of Kerala. Vol 1. Trivandrum: Dravidian Linguistics Association, 2002. 143.
  23. ↑ Menon, A Sreedhara, Kerala History and its Makers. Kottayam (Kerala): DC Books, 1987. 74–75.
  24. ↑ Ganesh, K.N. (February 1990). "The Process of State Formation in Travancore". Studies in History. 6 (1): 15–33. doi:10.1177/025764309000600102. ISSN 0257-6430.
  25. ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.876
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