Oder

Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)

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Map of Poland

Oder (ओडर नदी) is a river in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river in total length and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and Warta.

Variants

• Oder /ˈoʊdər/ OH-dər, German: [ˈoːdɐ]; Czech, Lower Sorbian and Polish: Odra [ˈɔdra];[a] Upper Sorbian: Wódra [wʊt.rɑ])
• Oder River
• Odra
• Òdra
• Viadrus (वियाड्रस) (Latin)
• Viadua (वियादुआ) (Latin)
• Wódra

Names

The Oder is known by several names in different languages, but the modern ones are very similar: English and German: Oder; Czech, Polish, and Lower Sorbian: Odra, Upper Sorbian: Wódra; Kashubian: Òdra (pronounced [ˈwɛdra]); Medieval Latin: Od(d)era; Renaissance Latin: Viadrus (invented in 1534).

Ptolemy knew the modern Oder as the Συήβος (Suebos; Latin Suevus), a name apparently derived from the Suebi, a Germanic people. While he also refers to an outlet in the area as the Οὐιαδούα Ouiadoua (or Οὐιλδούα Ouildoua; Latin Viadua or Vildua), this was apparently the modern Wieprza, as it was said to be a third of the distance between the Suebos and Vistula.The name Suebos may be preserved in the modern name of the Świna river (German Swine, an outlet from the Szczecin Lagoon to the Baltic.

Jat clans

• Odra

Course

The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres through western Poland, later forming 187 kilometres of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder–Neisse line. The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches (the Dziwna, Świna and Peene) that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea.

Geography

The Oder is 840 kilometres long: 112 km in the Czech Republic, 726 km in Poland (including 187 km on the border between Germany and Poland) and is the third longest river located within Poland (after the Vistula and Warta), however, second longest river overall taking into account its total length, including parts in neighbouring countries.

The Oder drains a basin of 119,074 square kilometres, 106,043 km2 of which are in Poland (89%), 7,246 km2 in the Czech Republic (6%), and 5,587 km2 in Germany (5%). Channels connect it to the Havel, Spree, Vistula system and Kłodnica. It flows through Silesian, Opole, Lower Silesian, Lubusz, and West Pomeranian voivodeships of Poland and the states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany.

The main branch empties into the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland. The Szczecin Lagoon is bordered on the north by the islands of Usedom (west) and Wolin (east). Between these two islands, there is only a narrow channel (Świna) going to the Bay of Pomerania, which forms a part of the Baltic Sea.

The largest city on the Oder is Wrocław, in Lower Silesia.

Jat History

Mangal Sen Jindal writes...."West of the Oder estuary, on the other hand, the coast features contrast with those of Pomerania and between Rostock and Jatland the natural conditions for maritime commerce were excellent, since vessals found there abundant shelter, and could navigate well inland, off the east coast of Jutland the sea is shallow and sheltered from the west winds, and the Testiary rock which forms this low coastland has offered resistance to marine erosion: in consequence, the coast has not been smoothed out as in Pomerania but is actually deeply embayed. More-over in the Western part of the Baltic, islands are concentrated: Rugon stands at the mouth of the Oder; Funen and Zealand lie between Jutland and Sweden; and the island of Bornland and Gothland are situated in relation to neighbouring coasts as to form useful maritime stations or tradecentres."

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Mangal Sen Jindal ...."When the Yuti migrated from the plains of Scythia, of which the horse is a native, to Yut land (Jutland), of whose mountains the goat was an inhabitant prior to any of the race of Asi."

"The region originally occupied by the German peoples in the second millennium B.C. included the coastlands between the lower Rhine and the Oder, the Schlesurg (Jutland) Peninsula and inlands, together with Southern Sweden. The homelands of the Germans who formed one branch of the peoples of Indo-European Language had a broad geographical similarity. They had alike undergone glaciation; they consisted

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History of Origin of Some Clans in India:End of p.24

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largely of level plains, covered with wide stretches of sandy soils; they included considerable areas of marsh, peat bog, lakes, and moor and were extensively covered with deciduous forest and undergrowth Scania and the coast west of the Oder estuary were alike well embayed and offered river access inland; proximity for the Baltic narrows in the extreme west- the disposition of islands, the many convenient havens and, occasionally, freezing over of the sea, all served to unite Scania, the Schlesurg (jutland) peninsula and the north German plain in close relationship. Jutland, or the Schlesurg peninsula, together with Frisia stretching westwards to the Rhine, presented also broken coastlines to the North Sea. By about 200 B.C. the Germans had moved south as far as the Main into country then occupied by Celts, whilst at the same time they had reached the broad plains between the Oder and the Vistula. It is possible that some stimulus was given to this movement owing to a wet climatic period which conditioned an extension of forest and peat bog."

ओडर नदी

ओडर (पोलिश: Odra, अंग्रेज़ी: Oder River), पोलैंड की तीसरी सबसे लंबी नदी है जिसकी कुल लंबाई 840 किलोमीटर है। नदी का स्रोत चेक गणराज्य में स्थित है और दक्षिण से पोलैंड तक चलता है। यह पोलैंड और जर्मनी के बीच एक प्राकृतिक सीमा बनाता है। नदी व्रोकला से होकर श्टेटीन तक बहती है।

जर्मन मैगना के तहत ओडर नदी को रोमन सैनिकों को लैटिन में "वियाड्रस" या "वियादुआ" के रूप में जाना जाता था, क्योंकि यह बाल्टिक सागर से रोमन साम्राज्य तक एम्बर रोड की एक शाखा थी। द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के दौरान पोलिश, रूसी और जर्मन सेनाओं के बीच ओडर नदी के पास कई लड़ाइयाँ हुईं।

ओडर 840 किलोमीटर लंबा है: चेक गणराज्य में 112 किमी , पोलैंड में 726 किमी (जर्मनी और पोलैंड के बीच सीमा पर 187 किमी सहित)। यह पोलैंड के भीतर (विस्चुला और वारता नदियों के बाद) स्थित तीसरी सबसे लंबी नदी है।

सेमनोनेस

सेमोन एक सुएवी लोगों की जर्मनिक जनजाति थी जो पहली सदी में एल्बे और ओडर नदी के बीच बसे हुये थे। पहली सदी में उनका वर्णन टैसिटस ने जर्मनिया में किया है। सेमनोनेस के राजा मासी और उसके पुजारी गाना कैसियस डियो द्वारा उल्लिखित हैं। एक पवित्र उपवन में उन्होंने परम देव की पूजा की। एड्डा की एक कविता हेल्गकविआ हुनडिंग्सबाना II में एक उपवन का उल्लेख है। तीसरी शताब्दी में, सेम्नोन्स दक्षिण की ओर खिसक गये और अंत में आलमनी लोगों का हिस्सा बन गया। ऑग्सबर्ग में एक एक रोमन स्मारक की वेदी पर 260 ई. का एक शिलालेख मिला जिसमें कहा गया है कि सेमनोनेस जुथुंगी भी कहलाते थे।