Prophthasia

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Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)

Alexandria Prophthasia (Greek: Αλεξάνδρεια η Προφθασία) also known as Alexandria in Drangiana was one of the seventy-plus cities founded or renamed by Alexander the Great.[1] The town was founded during an intermediate stop between Herat, in what is now Afghanistan, the location of another of Alexander's fortresses, and Kandahar.[2]

Variants

History

It is mentioned by Strabo,[3] Pliny the Elder,[4] Ammianus Marcellinus,[5] Isidore of Charax,[6] Stephanus of Byzantium[7] and Pseudo-Plutarch.[8]

Alexander the Great, arrived in Drangiana in November 330 BC on his way to Kandahar, and found a well-organized province of the Achaemenid empire.[9] He appointed a new satrap, Arsames, and renamed the capital city as Prophthasia, ("Anticipation"), because Alexander had here discovered a conspiracy against his life, organized by his companion Philotas.

Location

The location of Prophthasia is currently unknown. Orthodox opinion is that Prophthasia was at Farah (also known as Phra)[10] and that the citadel of Farah holds the remains of his fortress. However, taking distances given in Pliny,[11] Eratosthenes and Strabo,[12] Tarn believes Farah is too close to the city of Herat and the city was actually at nearby Zaranj. Others feel it was located at Nād-e 'Alī.[13]

The 1578, a world map which Mercator constructed from Ptolemy's map shows the city some distance to the north of the Zaranji lakes. Similarly, the 13th century copy of the 4th century Peutinger Map shows Zaranj and Prophthasia as distinct locations.

Mention by Pliny

Pliny[14] mentions 'The Nations of India'....However, that we may come to a better understanding relative to the description of these regions, we will follow in the track of Alexander the Great. Diognetus and Bæton, whose duty it was to ascertain the distances and length of his expeditions, have written that from the Caspian Gates to Hecatompylon, the city of the Parthians, the distance is the number of miles which we have already12 stated; and that from thence to Alexandria,13 of the Arii, which city was founded by the same king, the distance is five hundred and seventy-five miles; from thence to Prophthasia,14 the city of the Drangæ, one hundred and ninety-nine; from thence to the city of the Arachosii,15 five hundred and sixty-five; from thence to Ortospanum,16 one hundred and seventy-five; and from thence to the city built by Alexander,17 fifty, miles. In some copies, however, the numbers are found differently stated; and we find this last city even placed at the very foot of Mount Caucasus!


13 See c. 25 of the present Book.

14 See c. 25 of the present Book.

15 See c. 25 of the present Book.

16 A town placed by Strabo on the confines of Bactriana, and by Ptolemy in the county of the Paropanisidæ.

17 See c. 25 of the present Book.

External links

References

  1. Edward James Rapson, The Cambridge History of India, Volume 1. 1955 Cambridge University Press. Page 380
  2. Caii Plinii secundi Naturalis historiae libri XXXVII interpretatione et notis illustravit Joannes Harduinus in usum Delphini Jean Hardouin, Pline l'Ancien, Hardouin page 698. 2. Ralph Griffiths, George Edward Griffiths The Monthly Review May 1749-Sept. 1803 Page 514
  3. Strabo, 11.8 & 15.2.
  4. Pliny Naturalis Historia 6.61
  5. Ammianus Marcellinus 13.6.
  6. sidore of Charax, Parthian Stations (Itinerarium) 17.
  7. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, Ph670.21
  8. Pseudo-Plutarch De Alex.
  9. Caii Plinii secundi Naturalis historiae libri XXXVII interpretatione et notis illustravit Joannes Harduinus in usum Delphini Jean Hardouin, Pline l'Ancien, Hardouin page 698. 2. Ralph Griffiths, George Edward Griffiths The Monthly Review May 1749-Sept. 1803 Page 514
  10. Isidore of Charax, The Parthian Stations 17.
  11. Pliny XI 61.
  12. Strabo XI 514.
  13. Alexandria at Encyclopedia Iranica.com.
  14. Natural History by Pliny Book VI/Chapter 21