Sasanian Empire

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Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)

Sasanian Empire (lit. 'Empire of the Iranians') [1][2] was the last empire of ancient Iran. Named after the House of Sasan, it endured for over four centuries, from 224 to 651, making it the second longest-lived imperial Iranian dynasty after the directly preceding Arsacid dynasty of Parthia.[3]

Variants

Jat Gotras Namesake

Name

Officially, the empire was known as the Empire of the Iranians (Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩, ērānšahr, Parthian: 𐭀𐭓𐭉𐭀𐭍𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓, aryānšahr, Greek: Ἀριανῶν ἔθνος, Arianōn ethnos), the term is first attested in the trilingual Great Inscription of Shapur I, where the king says "I am the lord of the Empire of the Iranians".[4]

More commonly, as the ruling dynasty was named after Sasan, the empire is known as the Sasanian Empire in historical and academic sources. This term is also recorded in English as the Sassanian Empire, the Sasanid Empire, and the Sassanid Empire.

History

In the seventh century it fell to the Rashidun Caliphate during the early Muslim conquests, which marked the beginning of a monumental societal shift by initiating the Islamization of Iran.

Upon succeeding the Parthians in the third century, the Sasanian dynasty re-established the Persian nation as a major power in late antiquity, and also continued to compete extensively with the neighbouring Roman Empire. [5]

It was founded by Ardashir I, a ruler who rose to power as Parthia weakened amidst internal strife and the Roman–Persian Wars. After defeating Artabanus IV of Parthia during the Battle of Hormozdgan in 224, Ardashir's dynasty replaced that of the Arsacids and promptly set out to restore the legacy of the Achaemenid Empire by expanding the newly acquired Sasanian dominions.

Extent

At its greatest territorial extent, the Sasanian Empire encompassed all of modern-day Iran and Iraq and parts of the Arabian Peninsula (particularly Eastern Arabia and South Arabia), as well as the Caucasus, the Levant, and parts of Central Asia and South Asia.

One of the high points in Iranian civilization,[6] the Sasanian dynasty's rule was characterized by a complex and centralized government bureaucracy, and also revitalized Zoroastrianism as a legitimizing and unifying ideal.[7] This period saw the construction of many grand monuments, public works, and patronized cultural and educational institutions. The Sasanian Empire's cultural influence extended far beyond the physical territory that it controlled, impacting regions as distant as Western Europe,[8]Eastern Africa,[9] and China and India.[10] It also helped shape European and Asian medieval art.[11]

With the Muslim conquest of Persia, the influence of Sasanian art, architecture, music, literature, and philosophy was gradually absorbed into nascent Islamic culture, which, in turn, ensured the spread of Iranian culture, knowledge, and ideas throughout the expanding Muslim world.[12]

List of Sasanian rulers

सासानी साम्राज्य

सासानी (तीसरी सदी - 648) ईरान के इतिहास में सबसे प्रभावशाली शासकों में से एक हैं। इनका स्थान ईरान में हख़ामनी वंश के बाद सबसे सशक्त शासक वंशों में गिना जाता है। इनका उदय ईरान के दक्षिण में फ़ार्स में हुआ था - ये वही राज्य है जिसे हख़ामनी शासकों का मूल स्थान माना जाता है।

अप्रैल 224 में एक अर्सासिद परिवार के लोग सशक्त हो गए। पर उनको क़ुज़ेस्तान में लड़े एक युद्ध में हरा कर अर्दाशिर नाम के एक व्यक्ति ने अपनी प्रभुता स्थापित की। उन्होंने अपने को हख़ामनी वंश (एकेमेनिड) के मूल का बताया। इसके बाद बने वंश को सासानी कहते हैं क्योंकि उनका पूर्ववर्ती सासान था।

शासकों की सूची

  • अर्दशीर​ प्रथम - वंश की स्थापना की।
  • शापुर प्रथम
  • होर्मज़्द प्रथम
  • बहराम प्रथम
  • बहराम द्वितीय
  • बहराम तृतीय
  • नरसेह
  • होर्मज़्द द्वितीय
  • शापुर द्वितीय
  • अर्दशीर​ द्वितीय
  • शापुर तृतीय
  • बहराम चतुर्थ
  • यज़्द-ए-गर्द प्रथम
  • बहराम पंचम
  • यज़्द-ए-गर्द द्वितीय
  • होर्मज़्द तृतीय
  • पेरोज़

External links

References

  1. ↑ anepa, Matthew (2018). The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity Through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520379206. p.9
  2. ↑ Daryaee, Touraj (2018). "Introduction". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity. Brill. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.
  3. ↑ "A Brief History". Culture of Iran. Archived from the original on 21 November 2001.
  4. ↑ MacKenzie, D. N. (1998). "Ērān, Ērānšahr". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VIII/5: English IV–Eršād al-zerāʿa (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. p. 534.
  5. ↑ Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands p. 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 ISBN 0827611552; International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3 p. 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 2006 ISBN 075465740X
  6. ↑ Hourani, Albert (1991), A History of the Arab Peoples, London: Faber and Faber, p. 87, ISBN 0-571-22664-7
  7. ↑ Eiland, Murray (2004). "West Asia 300 BC–AD 600". In Onians, John (ed.). Atlas of World Art. Oxford University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0195215830.
  8. ↑ Durant, Will (1950). The Age of Faith. p. 150. Repaying its debt, Sasanian art exported its forms and motives eastward into India, Turkestan, and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt, and Spain.
  9. ↑ "Transoxiana 04: Sasanians in Africa". Transoxiana.com.ar.
  10. ↑ Sarfaraz, Ali Akbar, and Bahman Firuzmandi, Mad, Hakhamanishi, Ashkani, Sasani, Marlik, 1996. ISBN 964-90495-1-7, pp. 329–330
  11. ↑ "Iransaga: The art of Sassanians". Artarena.force9.co.uk.
  12. ↑ Abdolhossein Zarinkoob: Ruzgaran: tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi, p. 305
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