Themiscyra
| Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R) |
Themiscyra was an ancient Greek town in northeastern Anatolia; it was situated on the southern coast of the Black Sea, near the mouth of the Thermodon, probably at or near modern Terme in Samsun Province, Turkey.
Variants
- /ˌθɛmɪˈskɪrə/;
- Greek: Θεμίσκυρα Themiskyra
- Themiseyra (Pliny.vi.3)
- Terme
- Termeh
Terme
Terme (formerly spelled Termeh; Ancient Greek: Thèrmae, Θέρμαι) is the seat of Terme District, Samsun Province, Turkey. Terme is located on Terme River, about 5 km from its mouth, on the eastern end of the Çarşamba Plain. Terme or its environs are the site of the ancient city of Themiscyra, Θεμίσκυρα.[1] Terme District is the site of an annual festival celebrating the Amazons, an ancient nation of all-female warriors who, according to Greek myth, were believed to have lived in the Samsun region.[2]
Jat clans
History
According to Greek mythology, it was the capital city of the Amazons. The town is mentioned as early as the time of Herodotus (iv. 86; comp. Scylax of Caryanda, p. 33; Pausanias i. 2. § 1) who also mentions the Amazon female warriors from Themiscyra.[3] Aeschylus, in his play Prometheus Bound, places the original home of the Amazons in the country about Lake Maeotis (the modern-day Sea of Azov), stating that they later moved to Themiscyra.[4][5] According to Pseudo-Plutarch, the Amazons lived in and about the Tánais (Ancient Greek: Τάναϊς, now the Don River), formerly called the Amazonian or Amazon (Greek: Ἀμαζόνιος) because the Amazons bathed themselves in it, before moving to Themiscyra.[6] In addition, Strabo, in his Geographica, mention that Themiscyra was the home of Amazons but later they were driven out of these places.[7]
Ptolemy (v. 6 § 3) is undoubtedly mistaken in placing it further west, midway between the Iris (Yeşilırmak) and Cape Heraclium. Scylax calls it a Greek town; but Diodorus Siculus (ii. 44) states that it was built by the founder of the kingdom of the Amazons. After the retreat of Mithridates VI from Cyzicus during the Third Mithridatic War, Themiscyra was besieged by Lucullus. The inhabitants on that occasion defended themselves with great valor; and when their walls were undermined, they sent bears and other wild beasts, and even swarms of bees, against the workmen of Lucullus (Appian, Mithrid. 78). But notwithstanding their gallant defence, the town seems to have perished on that occasion, for Pomponius Mela speaks of it as no longer existing (i. 19), and Strabo does not mention it at all.[8]
Some believe the town of Terme (Therme), at the mouth of the Thermodon, marks the site of ancient Themiscyra; but Hamilton (Researches, i. p. 283) justly observes that it must have been situated a little further inland. Ruins of the place do not appear to exist, for those which Texier regards as indicating the site of Themiscyra, at a distance of two days' journey from the Halys (now called the Kızılırmak River), on the borders of Galatia, cannot possibly have belonged to it, but are in all probability the remains of Tavium. The editors of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, place Themiscyra "at or near" Terme.[9] In ancient times, Themiscyra's bees were famous for their honey.[10]
Myth
In Greek myth, Themiscyra was the capital city of the Amazons.
Heracles journeyed to Themiscyra to complete his ninth labour, which was to retrieve the golden belt that belonged to the Amazonian queen Hippolyta.
Theseus also visited the city, though there are two versions of this myth. In the first version he accompanied Heracles on his expedition and helped him capture the city, and in the second, Theseus led an expedition of his own, long after Heracles himself had visited the city.[11]
Apollonius of Rhodes, in his Argonautica, mentions that at Thermodon the Amazons were not gathered together in one city, but scattered over the land, divided into three different tribes; in one part dwelt the Themiscyreians (Greek: Θεμισκύρειαι), in another the Lycastians (Greek: Λυκάστιαι), and in another the Chadesians (Greek: Χαδήσιαι).[12]
Jason and the Argonauts passed by Themiscyra on their journey to Colchis. Zeus sent Boreas, the god of the north wind, and with his help the Argonauts stood out from the shore near Themiscyra where the Themiscyreian Amazons were arming for battle.[13]
Mention by Pliny
Pliny [14] mentions.... In the interior (of Cappadocia) also there is the famous river Ceraunus,19 and on the coast beyond the town of Amisus, the town and river of Chadisia,20 and the town of Lycastum,21 after which the region of Themiseyra22 begins.
19 It is doubtful whether this is the name of a river or a town. Notwithstanding its alleged celebrity, nothing is known of it.
20 Hecatæus, as quoted by Stephanus Byzantinus, speaks of Chadisia as a city of the Leucosyri, or Cappadocians. Neither the river nor the town appears to have been identified.
21 Probably on the river of that name, which has been identified with the Mers Imak, a river two or three miles east of the Acropolis of Amisus.
22 The extensive plain on the coast of Pontus, extending east of the river Iris, beyond the Thermodon, and celebrated as the country of the Amazons. At the mouth of the Thermodon was a city of the same name, which had been destroyed by the time of Augustus. It is doubtful whether the modern Thermeh occupies its site.
External links
References
- ↑ Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), Map 87 & notes.
- ↑ "Village of Amazons to be recreated in Samsun park - Today's Zaman, your gateway to Turkish daily news".
- ↑ Sue Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece (1995), p. 60 : "For other ancient authors the Amazons, in spite of their separatist habits, were not immune to the lure of sexual desire. The fifth-century historian Herodotus recounts how some Amazons from Themiscyra who had been taken prisoner by a ..."
- ↑ THE AMAZONS IN GREEK LEGEND
- ↑ AESCHYLUS, PROMETHEUS BOUND
- ↑ Pseudo-Plutarch-XIV, TANAIS
- ↑ Strabo, Geography,Book XI, Chapter 5
- ↑ Comp. Anon. Peripl. P. E. p. 11; Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Chadisia
- ↑ Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), Map 87 & notes.
- ↑ Tobias Fischer-Hansen; Birte Poulsen (2009). From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Man and Beast. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-87-635-0788-2.
- ↑ Robin Hard (16 October 2003). The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's Handbook of Greek Mythology. Routledge. p. 357. ISBN 978-1-134-66406-1.
- ↑ ARGONAUTICA BOOK 2, 994-1001
- ↑ Adrienne Mayor (22 September 2014). The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. Princeton University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-4008-6513-0.
- ↑ Natural History by Pliny Book VI/Chapter 3
References
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