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| '''Mandu (माण्डू مَنضُ)''' or [[Mandavgarh]] is a ruined historical city in [[Dhar]] district in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. | | :''For the city and fort of this name see [[Mandu Fort]]'' |
| === Origin of name ===
| | '''Mandu (माण्डू)''' is a [[Jat clan]] found in [[Afghanistan]]. |
| The name of city [[Mandu]], in [[Malwa]] region of [[Madhya Pradesh]], is probably originated from combination of [[Manda]]s. The Manda Jats after the fall of their kingdom at [[Iran]] as result of wars that the first migration of the Jats took place and from the [[Manda Empire]] and from other parts of [[Central Asia]] they came to India. The historical [[Mandu fort]] also seems to have been founded by [[Manda]] Jats. This point needs more research.
| | <ref>[[An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan]] By H. W. Bellew, The Oriental University Institute, Woking, 1891, p.96,111,139 </ref> [[Mandigal]] and [[Mandul]] are same..<ref>[[An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan]] By H. W. Bellew, The Oriental University Institute, Woking, 1891, p.146 </ref> |
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| == Location ==
| | == Origin == |
| It is about 35 km. from [[Dhar]].
| | == Jat Gotras Namesake == |
| | *[[Mandu]] (माण्डू) ([[Jat clan]]) → [[Manduwa]] (माण्डूआ). [[Manduwa]] (माण्डूआ) village is in [[Jamai]] tahsil in [[Chhindwara]] district of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. |
| == History == | | == History == |
| In the 11th century, Mandu was the sub division of the Tarangagadh or Taranga[disambiguation needed ] kingdom. This fortress town is on a rocky outcrop about 100 km from [[Indore]].
| | [[Mandu]] Jats are the founders of '''[[Mandawa]]''' town in [[Jhunjhunu]] district in Rajasthan. |
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| The earliest reference to Mandu is available in the Sanskrit inscription of '''555 AD''', which tells that Mandu was a fortified city even in '''6th century BC'''. It gained prominence in 10th and 11th century under the [[Parmar]]s (who called it [[Mandavgarh]]), from whom the control was snatched by Khiljis in 1305.
| | ''Shekhawati Bodh'', A monthly magazine of Shekhawati region, [[Mandawa]] special issue, July 2005 published the following information about Origin of Mandawa town in Rajasthan: |
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| Mandav or Mandu's was earlier known by the name of "Shadiabad" meaning the city of happiness (Anand Nagari), the name was given by then ruler Allauddin Khilji. Mandu city is situated at an elevation of 633 metres (2079 feet) and extends for 13 km along the crest of the Vindhya Range, overlooking the plateau of [[Malwa]] to the north and the valley of the Narmada River to the south. These acted as natural defences and Mandu was originally the fort-capital of [[Parmara]] rulers of [[Malwa]]. Towards the end of the 11th century, it came under the sway of the [[Taranga]] kingdom.
| | "Mandu Jat founded Mandawa village. He first established a dhani (helmet) and dug a well here, which was completed on savan badi 5 samvat 1797 (1740 AD) . Initially this place was known as ‘Mandu ki dhani’, ‘Mandu ka bas’ or ‘Manduwas’ which changed to ‘Manduwa’, ‘Mandwa’ and finally ‘[[Mandawa]]’." |
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| In the 10th century Mandu was founded as a fortress retreat by '''Raja Bhoj'''. It was conquered by the Muslim rulers of Delhi in 1304. When, in 1401, the Mughals captured Delhi, the Afghan Dilawar Khan, governor of Malwa, set up his own little kingdom and the Ghuri dynasty was established. And thus began Mandu's golden age.
| | H.A. Rose<ref>[[A glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province By H.A. Rose Vol II/A]],pp.27</ref> writes that the Customary Law of [[Sialkot]] District (Voliune XIV) p, 3, gives the Mandu in the list of [[Awan]] sub-clans. |
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| His son, Hoshang Shah, shifted the capital from [[Dhar]] to Mandu and raised it to its greatest splendour. Hoshang's son, Mohammed, the third and last ruler of '''Ghuri dynasty''' ruled for just one year He was poisoned by the militaristic Mohammed Khalji, who established the Khilji dynasty and went on to rule for the next 33 years. He was succeeded by his son, '''Ghiyas-ud-din''' in 1469 and ruled for the next 31 years. Ghiyas-ud-din was a pleasure seeker and devoted himself to women and song. He had a large harem and built the Jahaz Mahal for housing the women, numbering thousands, of his harem. Ghiyas-ud-din was poisoned, aged 80, by Nasir-ud-din, his own son.
| | == Notable persons == |
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| In 1526, Mahmud II the sixth Khalji ruler made no resistance against the invading Bahadur Shah of Gujarat who conquered Mandu March 28, 1531. In '''1530''' Humayun, the second Mughal Emperor, succeeded Babur. Babur had established the Mughal dynasty. Humayun had two major rivals: Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and Sher Shah Suri. Humayun was engaged in a war with Sher Shah Suri when he learned of an imminent attack by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat who was being aided by the Portuguese. With an unusual swiftness Humayun attacked and defeated Bahadur Shah. Thus in 1534 Mandu came under Humayun's rule. Humayun fancied Mandu so he relaxed here for a brief, peaceful interlude [4] Humayun lost the kingdom to Mallu Khan, an officer of the Khalji dynasty. Ten more years of feuds and invasions followed and in the end Baz Bahadur emerge in the top spot. By this time Humayun had been defeated by Sher Shah Suri and had fled India. Sher Shah Suri died in 1545 and his son Islam Shah died in 1553. Islam Shah's 12 year old son Feroz Khan became the king but was killed by Adil Shah Suri within 3 days. Adil Shah appointed [[Hemu]], also known as 'Hemu Vikramaditya' as his Chief of Army and Prime Minister. Hemu had a rapid rise during Sur regime. A grain supplier to Sher Shah Suri's army and then Chief of Intelligence or Daroga-i-Chowki (Superintendent of Post) under Islam Shah, he became the Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Afghan Army (Sher Shah Suri's army) under the reign of Adil Shah Suri. Adil Shah Suri was an incompetent ruler and many rebellions occurred against his rule. Hemu was sent to quell these rebellions. During this period Hemu attacked Mandu also and Baz Bahadur ran away from Mandu. Hemu appointed his own Governor here.
| | == References == |
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| During this period Humayun had returned to India and in 1555 was again the emperor. In 1556 Humayun died after falling while descending a staircase.
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| Hemu was in Bengal at the time and sensing an opportunity attacked Mughals. Soon Agra, Bihar, Eastern UP, Madhya Pradesh were all won and on 6 October 1556 he won Delhi, defeating Akbar's forces, and had his coronation at Purana Quila, the next day. Akbar defeated and killed Hemu in the second Battle of Panipat on November 7, 1556. In 1561, Akbar's army led by Adham Khan and Pir Muhammad Khan attacked Malwa and defeated Baz Bahadur in the battle of Sarangpur on 29 March 1561. One of the reasons for Adham Khan's attack seems to be his love for Rani Roopmati. Rani Roopmati poisoned herself to death on hearing the news of fall of Mandu. Baz Bahadur fled[5] to Khandesh. Akbar, soon recalled Adham Khan and made over command to Pir Muhammad. Pir Muhammad attacked Khandesh and proceeded up to Burhanpur but he was defeated by a coalition of three powers: Miran Mubarak Shah II of Khandesh, Tufal Khan of Berar and Baz Bahadur. Pir Muhammad died while retreating. The confederate army pursued the Mughals and drove them out of Malwa. Baz Bahadur regained his kingdom for a short period. In 1562, Akbar sent another army led by Abdullah Khan, the Uzbeg, which finally defeated Baz Bahadur. He fled to Chittor. Baz Bahadur remained a fugutive at a number of courts till he surrenedered in November, 1570 to Akbar at Nagaur. He joined Akbar's service.<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007) The Mughul Empire, Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp.112-3</ref>
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| After Akbar added Mandu to the Mughal empire, it kept a considerable degree of independence, until taken by the Marathas in 1732 by Peshwa Baji Rao I. The capital of Malwa was then shifted back to Dhar by Marathas under Maharaja Pawar, and the slide in Mandu's fortunes that had begun with the absconding of Baz Bahadur became a plummet.
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| == The battle of Mandu 1729 ==
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| Sawai Raja Jai Singh of Jaipur got the Subadari of [[Malwa]] in October 1729. He was ordered to move against the Marathas. The Kachwahas showed a great courage in the war against Marathas. [[Jats]] took part in this war against Marathas under the leadership of [[Suraj Mal]]. At the end of 1729 the Marathas were defeated in this war and Mandu came under Jai Singh.
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| == Rani Roopmati ==
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| Rani Roopmati - the love interest of Baaz Bahadur lived here and is said to have gazed at the Baz Bahadur's Palace - situated below and also at Narmada river, flowing through the [[Nimar]] plains far below, a river which the queen revered. The Pavilion is a major tourist attraction and offers many scenic views. Rani Roopmati was a [[Hada]] princess of Rajasthan who lived at [[Dharampuri]]. She is said to have been married early in childhood.
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| == Gallery ==
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| <Gallery>
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| File:Neelkanth Mahadev Temple Mandu.JPG|Neelkanth Mahadev Temple Mandu
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| File:Khirni tree at Neelkanth Mahadev Mandu.JPG|Khirni tree at Neelkanth Mahadev Mandu
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| File:Baobab tree.JPG|Baobab tree
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| </Gallery>
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| ==References== | |
| <references/> | | <references/> |
| ---- | | ---- |
| [[Category:Jat History]] | | Back to [[Jat Gotras]] |
| [[Category:Jat Villages]] | | [[Category:Jat Gotras]] |
| [[Category:Jat Villages in Madhya Pradesh]] | | [[Category:Jat Gotras in Afghanistan]] |
| | | [[Category:Jat Gotras Namesake]] |
| [[Category:Villages in Dhar]] | |
