Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta (योग्यकार्ता) is a city on the Island of Java in Indonesia. Yogyakarta is the capital of the Yogyakarta Special Region and served as the Indonesian capital from 1946 to 1948 during the Indonesian National Revolution, with Gedung Agung as the president's office.
Variants
- Yogyakarta (योग्यकार्ता) जावा द्वीप का नगर जिसके पास बोरोबुदुर और प्रमबनन हैं। इसको कला और शिक्षा का केंद्र माना जाता है।
- Jogjakarta (जोग्जाकार्रता)
- Jogja
- /ˌdʒɒɡjəˈkɑːrtə, ˌjɒɡ-/;
- Javanese: ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ;
- Dutch: Djokjakarta/Djocjakarta or Djokja
Origin
Yogyakarta is named after the Indian city of Ayodhya, the birthplace of the eponymous hero Rama from the Ramayana epic. Yogya (योग्य) means "suitable, fit, proper", and Karta (कार्ता) means "prosperous, flourishing"—thus, "a city that is fit to prosper".[1]
In colonial era correspondence, the city is often written in the Javanese script as ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ,[2] read as /ˌŋɑːjɒɡjəˈkɑːrtə/ with the added prefix nga-. In the orthography of the time, the proper name was spelt with the Latin alphabet as "Jogjakarta". As the orthography of the Indonesian language changed, the consonant /j/ came to be written with <y>, and the consonant /dʒ/ with <j>. Personal and geographical names however, were allowed to maintain their original spelling according to contemporary Indonesian orthography. Thus, the city can be written as "Yogyakarta", which is true to its original pronunciation and the Javanese script spelling, or "Jogjakarta", which is true to the old Dutch spelling and reflects popular pronunciation today, but differs from the original Ayodhya etymology. One may encounter either "Yogyakarta" or "Jogjakarta" in contemporary documents.
History
Mataram Kingdom (8th–10th century CE): According to the Canggal inscription dated 732 CE, the area traditionally known as "Mataram" became the capital of the Medang Kingdom, identified as Mdang i Bhumi Mataram established by King Sanjaya of Mataram. The inscription was found in a Hindu temple in Central Java, 40 km away from Yogyakarta and 20 km away from the giant Borobudur temple complex. This Hindu temple itself was on the border between the area of the Hindu Sañjaya dynasty and the area of the Buddhist Shailendra dynasty. Mataram became the center of a refined and sophisticated Javanese Hindu-Buddhist culture for about three centuries in the heartland of the Progo River valley, on the southern slopes of Mount Merapi volcano. This time period witnessed the construction of numerous candi, including Borobudur and Prambanan.
Around the year 929 CE, the last ruler of the Sañjaya dynasty, King Mpu Sindok of Mataram, moved the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from Central Java to East Java and thus established the Isyana dynasty. The exact cause of the move is still uncertain; however, a severe eruption from Mount Merapi or a power struggle with the Sumatra-based Srivijaya kingdom probably caused the move.[3] Historians suggest that some time during the reign of King Wawa of Mataram (924–929 CE), Merapi erupted and devastated the kingdom's capital in Mataram.
Majapahit Empire (1293–1527): During the Majapahit era, the area surrounding modern Yogyakarta was identified again as "Mataram" and recognized as one of the twelve Majapahit provinces in Java ruled by a Duke known as Bhre Mataram. During the reign of the fourth king of the Majapahit Empire, the Hindu King Hayam Wuruk (1350–1389) of the Rajasa dynasty, the title of Bhre Mataram was held by the king's nephew and son-in-law Wikramawardhana, later the fifth king of Majapahit.[4]
Mataram Sultanate (1587–1755): Kotagede, now a district in southeastern Yogyakarta, was established as the capital of the Mataram Sultanate from 1587–1613. During the reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo (1613–1645), the Mataram Sultanate reached its zenith as the greatest kingdom in Java, and expanded its influence to Central Java, East Java, and half of West Java. After two changes of capital—to Karta and then to Plered, both located in present-day Bantul Regency—the capital of the Mataram Sultanate finally moved to Kartasura.
Yogyakarta secedes and European invasions (1745–1830): A civil war in the Mataram Sultanate broke out between Pakubuwono II (1745–1749), the last ruler of Kartasura, and his younger brother and heir apparent to the throne, Prince Mangkubumi (later known as Hamengkubuwono I, the first Sultan of Yogyakarta, and the founder of the current ruling royal house). Pakubuwono II had agreed to cooperate with the Dutch East India Company, and ceded some Mataram territory to the Dutch.
External links
References
- ↑ Pospelov, E. M. (2002). Географические названия мира. Топонимический словарь. (Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira. Toponimicheskiy slovar) [Geographical names of the world. Toponymic dictionary.] (in Russian). Russkie slovari, Astrel, AST. p. 138. ISBN 5170013892.
- ↑ "Complimentary addresses from the people of Java to Raffles on his retirement as Lieutenant-Governor in 1816, Raffles Papers f.26v, in the collection of The British Library" (Letter). Letter to Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles. 1816.
- ↑ Spuler, Bertold; F.R.C Bagley (1981). The Muslim World: A Historical Survey, Part IV. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Archive. p. 252. ISBN 9789004061965.
- ↑ Cœdès, George (1968). Vella, Walter F., ed. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Translated by Brown Cowing, Sue. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 241. ISBN 9780824803681.