Yugoslavia

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Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)
Map of Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia (युगोस्लाविया) was a country in Southeast Europe and Central Europe for most of the 20th century. It came into existence after World War I in 1918 under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (which was formed from territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire) with the Kingdom of Serbia, and constituted the first union of the South Slavic people as a sovereign state, following centuries in which the region had been part of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. Peter I of Serbia was its first sovereign.

Origin

The name Yugoslavia was created by the combination of the Slavic words "jug" (south) and "slaveni" (Slavs).

History

The kingdom gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris.[1] The official name of the state was changed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929.

Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers on 6 April 1941. In 1943, a Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was proclaimed by the Partisan resistance. In 1944 King Peter II, then living in exile, recognised it as the legitimate government. The monarchy was subsequently abolished in November 1945. Yugoslavia was renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1945, when a communist government was established. It acquired the territories of Istria, Rijeka, and Zadar from Italy. Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito ruled the country as president until his death in 1980. In 1963, the country was renamed again, as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY).

The six constituent republics that made up the SFRY were the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SR Croatia, SR Macedonia, SR Montenegro, SR Serbia, and SR Slovenia. Serbia contained two Socialist Autonomous Provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo, which after 1974 were largely equal to the other members of the federation. After an economic and political crisis in the 1980s and the rise of nationalism, Yugoslavia broke up along its republics' borders, at first into five countries, leading to the Yugoslav Wars. From 1993 to 2017, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia tried political and military leaders from the former Yugoslavia for war crimes, genocide, and other crimes committed during those wars.

After the breakup, the republics of Montenegro and Serbia formed a reduced federative state, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), known from 2003 to 2006 as Serbia and Montenegro. This state aspired to the status of sole legal successor to the SFRY, but those claims were opposed by the other former republics. Eventually, it accepted the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee about shared succession[5] and in 2003 its official name was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. This state dissolved when Montenegro and Serbia each became independent states in 2006, with Kosovo having an ongoing dispute over its declaration of independence in 2008.

Background

The concept of Yugoslavia, as a single state for all South Slavic peoples, emerged in the late 17th century and gained prominence through the Illyrian Movement of the 19th century. The name was created by the combination of the Slavic words "jug" (south) and "slaveni" (Slavs). Yugoslavia was the result of the Corfu Declaration, as a joint project of the Slovene and Croatian intellectuals and the Serbian Royal Parliament in exile and the Serbian royal Karađorđević dynasty, who became the Yugoslav royal dynasty following the foundation of the state.

Demographics

Yugoslavia had always been a home to a very diverse population, not only in terms of national affiliation, but also religious affiliation. Of the many religions, Islam, Roman Catholicism, Judaism, and Protestantism, as well as various Eastern Orthodox faiths, composed the religions of Yugoslavia, comprising over 40 in all. The religious demographics of Yugoslavia changed dramatically since World War II. A census taken in 1921 and later in 1948 show that 99% of the population appeared to be deeply involved with their religion and practices. With postwar government programs of modernisation and urbanisation, the percentage of religious believers took a dramatic plunge. Connections between religious belief and nationality posed a serious threat to the post-war Communist government's policies on national unity and state structure.[2] Although Yugoslavia became a nominally atheist state, in contrast to other socialist states of the time, Catholic Church maintained an active role in society of Yugoslavia,[3] the Holy See normalized its relations with Yugoslavia by 1967 and worked together on stopping the Vietnam War.[4] Likewise, the Serbian Orthodox Church received favorable treatment, and Yugoslavia did not did not engage in anti-religious campaigns to the extent of other countries in the Eastern Bloc.[5]

After the rise of communism, a survey taken in 1964 showed that just over 70% of the total population of Yugoslavia considered themselves to be religious believers. The places of highest religious concentration were that of Kosovo with 91% and Bosnia and Herzegovina with 83.8%. The places of lowest religious concentration were Slovenia 65.4%, Serbia with 63.7% and Croatia with 63.6%. Religious differences between Orthodox Serbs and Macedonians, Catholic Croats and Slovenes, and Muslim Bosniaks and Albanians alongside the rise of nationalism contributed to the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991.[37]

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia had unitary policies, suppressed autonomy and proclaimed the official ideology to be that Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, Macedonians and Slovenes were tribes of one nation of Yugoslavs (see Yugoslavism), to the heavy disagreement and resistance from Croats and other ethnic groups; this was interpreted as gradual Serbianization of Yugoslavia's non-Serb population. The ruling Communist Party of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was ideologically opposed to ethnic unitarism and royal hegemony, and instead promoted ethnic diversity and social Yugoslavism within the notion of "brotherhood and unity", while organizing the country as a federation.[6]

Jat History

जाट इतिहास

डॉ रणजीतसिंह[7] ने लिखा है ....विदेशों में पाई जाने वाली भारतीय रोमा (रोमा जिप्सी) जाट जाति है। ये लोग कई देशों में पाए जाते हैं। परंतु विश्व में सबसे अधिक [पृष्ठ.6]: 'रोमा' जाट युगोस्लाविया में बसे हुए हैं। इस देश में 'स्कोपिये' (Skopje) रोमा लोगों का सुंदर शहर है। यहाँ पर इनकी जनसंख्या चालीस हजार है। इसी प्रकार दक्षिणी फ्रांस में ग्रास (Gras, Ardèche) में भी इनकी एक सुंदर बस्ती है। 'डेविड मकरिटचे'(David Makaridze)[8] की सन 1986 ई. में प्रकाशित एक पुस्तक से स्पष्ट है कि जिप्सी राजस्थान के जाट हैं, जो भरतपुर के जाट राजा सूरजमल के शासनकाल में अपना देश छोड़कर विदेश चले गए थे।

External links

References

  1. ↑ "orderofdanilo.org".
  2. ↑ "Yugoslavia – Religious Demographics". Atheism.about.com.
  3. ↑ Fahlbusch, Erwin; Milic Lochman, Jan; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Vischer, Lukas, eds. (2008). "Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon". The Encyclodedia of Christianity. Vol. 5. Translated by Bromiley, Geoffrey William. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 513. ISBN 9780802824172.
  4. ↑ Hrvoje Klasić (11 January 2018). "DETALJI NEOČEKIVANE SURADNJE DVIJU SUPROTSTAVLJENIH STRANA Kako su Tito i Sveta Stolica došli na ideju da zajedno pokušaju zaustaviti rat u Vijetnamu". Jutarnji list.
  5. ↑ Tomka, Miklós (2011). Expanding Religion: Religious Revival in Post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. Walter de Gruyter. p. 44. ISBN 9783110228151.
  6. ↑ Bougarel, Xavier (2003). "Bosnian Muslims and the Yugoslav Idea". In Djokić, Dejan (ed.). Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992. London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 100–114. ISBN 1-85065-663-0.
  7. ↑ Jat Itihas By Dr Ranjit Singh/1.Jaton Ka Vistar,pp.5-6
  8. ↑ कप्तान दिलीप सिंह - जाट वीरों का इतिहास उद्धृत पृष्ठ.73.
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