Burgundy

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Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)
The Burgundian State at its greatest extent, under Charles the Bold

Burgundy (बरगंडी) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France. It is named for the Burgundians, an East Germanic people who moved westwards beyond the Rhine during the late Roman period.[1]

Variants

Etymology

It is named for the Burgundians, an East Germanic people who moved westwards beyond the Rhine during the late Roman period.[2] The name Burgundy has historically denoted numerous political entities. It first emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians, which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the Frankish Empire.

Since the inception of the French departmental system in 1790, Burgundy has referred to the geographic area comprising the four departments of Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, Yonne, and Nièvre.[3]

Jat clans

History

The province was once home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century. The capital of Dijon was one of the great European centres of art and science, a place of tremendous wealth and power, and Western Monasticism.[4] In early Modern Europe, Burgundy was a focal point of courtly culture that set the fashion for European royal houses and their court.[5] The Duchy of Burgundy was a key in the transformation of the Middle Ages toward early modern Europe.

Upon the 9th-century partitions of the Kingdom of Burgundy, the lands and remnants partitioned to the Kingdom of France were reduced to a ducal rank by King Robert II of France in 1004. The House of Burgundy, a cadet branch of the House of Capet, ruled over a territory that roughly conformed to the borders and territories of the modern administrative region of Burgundy. Upon the extinction of the Burgundian male line the duchy reverted to the King of France and the House of Valois. Following the marriage of Philip of Valois and Margaret III of Flanders, the Duchy of Burgundy was absorbed into the Burgundian State alongside parts of the Low Countries which would become collectively known as the Burgundian Netherlands. Upon further acquisitions of the County of Burgundy, Holland, and Luxembourg, the House of Valois-Burgundy came into possession of numerous French and imperial fiefs stretching from the western Alps to the North Sea, in some ways reminiscent of the Middle Frankish realm of Lotharingia.

The Burgundian State,[6] in its own right, was one of the largest ducal territories that existed at the time of the emergence of Early Modern Europe. It was regarded as one of the major powers of the 15th century and the early 16th century. The Dukes of Burgundy were among the wealthiest and the most powerful princes in Europe and were sometimes called "Grand Dukes of the West".[7] Through its possessions the Burgundian State was a major European centre of trade and commerce.

The extinction of the dynasty led to the absorption of the duchy itself into the French crown lands by King Louis XI, while the bulk of the Burgundian possessions in the Low Countries passed to Duke Charles the Bold's daughter, Mary, and her Habsburg descendants. Thus the partition of the Burgundian heritage marked the beginning of the centuries-long French–Habsburg rivalry and played a pivotal role in European politics long after Burgundy had lost its role as an independent political identity. The first recorded inhabitants of the area, that was to become Burgundy, were various tribes of Gallic Celts; the most prominent of which were the semi-republican Aedui, who were eventually incorporated into the Roman Empire following the Gaulish defeat in the Battle of Alesia.[8] Gallo-Roman culture flourished during the Roman period.

During the 4th century, the Burgundians, a Germanic people who may have originated on the Baltic island of Bornholm, settled in the western Alps. They founded the Kingdom of the Burgundians, which was conquered in the 6th century by another Germanic tribe, the Franks.[9]

Under Frankish dominion, the Kingdom of Burgundy continued for several centuries.

Later, the region was divided between the Duchy of Burgundy (to the west) and the Free County of Burgundy (to the east). The Duchy of Burgundy is the better-known of the two, later becoming the French province of Burgundy, while the County of Burgundy became the French province of Franche-Comté.

Burgundy's modern existence is rooted in the dissolution of the Frankish Empire. In the 880s, there were four Burgundies: the duchy, the county, and the kingdoms of Upper Burgundy and Lower Burgundy.

During the Middle Ages, Burgundy was home to some of the most important Western churches and monasteries, including those of Cluny, Cîteaux, and Vézelay. Cluny, founded in 910, exerted a strong influence in Europe for centuries. The first Cistercian abbey was founded in 1098 in Cîteaux. Over the next century, hundreds of Cistercian abbeys were founded throughout Europe, in a large part due to the charisma and influence of Bernard of Clairvaux. The Abbey of Fontenay, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is today the best-preserved Cistercian abbey in Burgundy. The Abbey of Vézelay, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is still a starting point for pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela.[10] Cluny was almost totally destroyed during the French Revolution.[11]

During the Hundred Years' War, King John II of France gave the duchy to his youngest son, Philip the Bold. The duchy soon became a major rival to the crown. The court in Dijon outshone the French court both economically and culturally. Phillip the Bold's grandson Philip the Good acquired Namur, Hainaut, Brabant, and Holland in modern Belgium and the Netherlands. In 1477, at the battle of Nancy during the Burgundian Wars, the last duke Charles the Bold was killed in battle, and the Duchy itself was annexed by France and became a province. However, the northern part of the empire was taken by the Austrian Habsburgs.[12]

With the French Revolution in the end of the 18th century, the administrative units of the provinces disappeared, but were reconstituted as regions during the Fifth Republic in the 1970s. The modern-day administrative region comprises most of the former duchy.

In 2016, Burgundy and the historical region of Franche-Comté merged for administrative purposes into the new region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.[13]

Geography

The region of Burgundy is both larger than the old Duchy of Burgundy and smaller than the area ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy, from the modern Netherlands to the border of Auvergne. Today, Burgundy is made up of the old provinces:

  • Burgundy: Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, and southern half of Yonne. This corresponds to the old duchy of Burgundy (later called province of Burgundy). However, the old county of Burgundy (later called province of Franche-Comté) is not included inside the Burgundy region, but it makes up the Franche-Comté region. Also, a small part of the duchy of Burgundy (province of Burgundy) is now inside the Champagne-Ardenne region.
  • Nivernais: now the department of Nièvre.
  • the northern half of Yonne is a territory that was not part of Burgundy (at least not since the 11th century), and was a frontier between Champagne, Île-de-France, and Orléanais, being part of each of these provinces at different times in history.

Major communities

DNA study on Y-STR Haplogroup Diversity in the Jat Population

David G. Mahal and Ianis G. Matsoukas[14] conducted a scientific study on Y-STR Haplogroup Diversity in the Jat Population of which brief Conclusion is as under:

The Jats represent a large ethnic community that has inhabited the northwest region of India and Pakistan for several thousand years. It is estimated the community has a population of over 123 million people. Many historians and academics have asserted that the Jats are descendants of Aryans, Scythians, or other ancient people that arrived and lived in northern India at one time. Essentially, the specific origin of these people has remained a matter of contention for a long time. This study demonstrated that the origins of Jats can be clarified by identifying their Y-chromosome haplogroups and tracing their genetic markers on the Y-DNA haplogroup tree. A sample of 302 Y-chromosome haplotypes of Jats in India and Pakistan was analyzed. The results showed that the sample population had several different lines of ancestry and emerged from at least nine different geographical regions of the world. It also became evident that the Jats did not have a unique set of genes, but shared an underlying genetic unity with several other ethnic communities in the Indian subcontinent. A startling new assessment of the genetic ancient origins of these people was revealed with DNA science.

The human Y-chromosome provides a powerful molecular tool for analyzing Y-STR haplotypes and determining their haplogroups which lead to the ancient geographic origins of individuals. For this study, the Jats and 38 other ethnic groups in the Indian subcontinent were analyzed, and their haplogroups were compared. Using genetic markers and available descriptions of haplogroups from the Y-DNA phylogenetic tree, the geographic origins and migratory paths of their ancestors were traced.

The study demonstrated that based on their genetic makeup, the Jats belonged to at least nine specific haplogroups, with nine different lines of ancestry and geographic origins. About 90% of the Jats in our sample belonged to only four different lines of ancestry and geographic origins:

1. Haplogroup L (36.8%)- The origins of this haplogroup can be traced to the rugged and mountainous Pamir Knot region in Tajikistan.

2. Haplogroup R (28.5%): From somewhere in Central Asia, some descendants of the man carrying the M207 mutation on the Y chromosome headed south to arrive in India about 10,000 years ago (Wells, 2007). This is one of the largest haplogroups in India and Pakistan. Of its key subclades, R2 is observed especially in India and central Asia.

3. Haplogroup Q (15.6%): With its origins in central Asia, descendants of this group are linked to the Huns, Mongols, and Turkic people. In Europe it is found in southern Sweden, among Ashkenazi Jews, and in central and Eastern Europe such as, the Rhône-Alpes region of France, southern Sicily, southern Croatia, northern Serbia, parts of Poland and Ukraine.

4. Haplogroup J (9.6%): The ancestor of this haplogroup was born in the Middle East area known as the Fertile Crescent, comprising Israel, the West Bank, Jordon, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. Middle Eastern traders brought this genetic marker to the Indian subcontinent (Kerchner, 2013).

5.-9. Haplogroups E, G, H, I, T (9.5%): The ancestors of the remaining five haplogroups E, G, H, I, and T can be traced to different parts of Africa, Middle East, South Central Asia, and Europe (ISOGG, 2016).

Therefore, attributing the origins of this entire ethnic group to loosely defined ancient populations such as, Indo-Aryans or Indo-Scythians represents very broad generalities and cannot be supported. The study also revealed that even with their different languages, religions, nationalities, customs, cuisines, and physical differences, the Jats shared their haplogroups with several other ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent, and had the same common ancestors and geographic origins in the distant past. Based on recent developments in DNA science, this study provided new insights into the ancient geographic origins of this major ethnic group in the Indian subcontinent. A larger dataset, particularly with more representation of Muslim Jats, is likely to reveal some additional haplogroups and geographical origins for this ethnic group.

बरगंडी

बरगंडी एक ऐतिहासिक क्षेत्र है जो पहले पूर्व-मध्यवर्ती फ्रांस का प्रशासनिक क्षेत्र था। इसके अंतर्गत कोट-डी-ऑर, सेऑन एट ल्यवायॉर, न, एवं ऐन "डिपार्टमेंट (विभाग) आते हैं। स्थिति : 47 डिग्री 0 मिनट उ. अ. तथा 4 डिग्री 40 मिनट पू. दे।। १ जनवरी २०१६ से यह बरगण्डी-फ्रांस-काउण्टी (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) नामक नये क्षेत्र के अन्तर्गत आ गया है। बरगंडी के अन्तर्गत निम्नलिखित ४ विभाग हैं - Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, Yonne तथा Nièvre. यह ओडर और विस्चुला नदियों की घाटियों में रहनेवाली जर्मन जनजाति ने (बरगंडियन) 40 ई. में अलमन्नी लोगों से युद्ध के कारण दक्षिणी फ्रांस के गौल में शरण ली और 441 ई. में बरगंडी राज्य की नींव डाली थी। अंगूर उत्पादन मुख्य उद्यम है। मांस, दुग्धसामग्री एवं मछली और घोंघा पकड़ना अन्य उद्योग हैं। यहाँ बननेवाली मदिरा शताब्दियों से विश्वविख्यात है।

External links

References

  1. ↑ Poupardin, René, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Burgundy" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  2. ↑ Poupardin, René, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Burgundy" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  3. ↑ Masson, Jean-Louis (1984). Provinces, départements, régions: L'organisation administrative de la France d'hier à demain (in French). Éditions Fernand Lanore. p. 201website= Google Livres (French Google Books site). ISBN 9782851570031.
  4. ↑ Bouchard, Constance B. (July 1990). "Merovingian, Carolingian and Cluniac Monasticism: Reform and Renewal in Burgundy". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 41 (3): 365–388. doi:10.1017/S0022046900075199. ISSN 1469-7637. S2CID 162228105.
  5. ↑ Wim, Blockmans (2013). Staging the Court of Burgundy : proceedings of the Conference "The splendour of Burgundy". Harvey Miller. ISBN 978-1-905375-82-0. OCLC 913446839.
  6. ↑ Schnerb, Betrand (1999). L'État bourguignon (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-02360-7.
  7. ↑ Doudet, Estelle (15 December 2002). "Le surnom du prince: la construction de la mémoire historique par un Rhétoriqueur". Questes (2): 6–7. doi:10.4000/questes.2597. ISSN 2102-7188.
  8. ↑ "Battle of Alesia | Facts, Summary, & Combatants". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  9. ↑ S, Alen. "Kingdom of the Burgundy (406-534)". Short history website.
  10. ↑ "Burgundy". Paris Digest. 2018.
  11. ↑ "Cluny, The second Rome". Interkultur Paris. 21 March 2020.
  12. ↑ "The Duchy of Burgundy, Medieval Powerhouse | eHISTORY". ehistory.osu.edu.
  13. ↑ "LOI n° 2015-29 du 16 janvier 2015 relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral". Legifrance (in French). Secrétariat général du Gouvernement.
  14. ↑ Y-STR Haplogroup Diversity in the Jat Population Reveals Several Different Ancient Origins

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