Pakhanna
Pakhanna or Pushkarana (पुष्करन) is a town in Bankura subdivision of Bankura district in West Bengal.
Variants
- Pushkarana पुष्करण (AS, p.570)
- Pushakarana
Location
Pakhanna is located at 23°24′33″N 87°22′36″E
Origin
History
The dawn of early historical phase in Lower Ganga–Brahmaputra valley, comprising present West Bengal, Bangladesh and parts of Assam, is rather more obscure than it is in the Middle Ganga plains. The process began at least three hundred years later than that in the Mid–Ganga plains. The period therefore coincides rather with the rise of the Maurya rule, which probably extended to this region.
A continuity of settlements in certain sites hints at cultural evolution in the broad region we are discussing here, for example, at the two sites of Mangalkot and Pakhanna: At Mangalkot [1] in Katwa, Bardhaman (Burdwan District, cultural sequences spread from the Chalcolithic to the medieval times. Mangalkot is located on the banks of the Ajay river, a tributary of Bhagirathi. As such the Ajay–Kunoor rivers are significantly connected with the riverine communication network of eastern India. Brick structure comes from the Kushana period (1st - 3rd C. AD) onwards. More significantly, Mangalkot flares up into an urban settlement in the Sunga–Kushan phase. A continuity of cultural progress is not suggested here. However, the cluster of sites in the region, the rise of an urban node in this Radha region do signify a historical trend.
The cluster of sites that converge in the Radha region also include the Bankura sites, among whom, Pakhanna has been identified as having acquired urban dimensions along with Mangalkot. Situated near Susunia, on the south bank of Damodar river, Pakhanna witnessed the unfolding of chalcolithic village culture to urban culture of early historic period. B.D. Chattopadhyay has suggested that the pre–Gupta and early Gupta contexts in Pakhanna had a variety of antiquities, which may justify the site’s description as a modest urban centre in this temporal context. [2] These sites tell us about the possible transition of life from the simple village farming to trade–orientation and urbanity in some parts of the broad region of ancient Bengal.
Pakhanna village is considered to be the same as Pushkarana, once the capital of Chandravarman, son of Simhavarman, the extent of whose dominions may have been more or less coterminous with ancient Rarh region or south-west Bengal. It is the place mentioned in the Susunia inscription and dates back to 4th century AD.[3][4]
According to the inscription on the Allahabad pillar Chandravarman was defeated by Samudragupta and the area became a part of the Gupta Empire.[5]
पुष्करण
विजयेन्द्र कुमार माथुर[6] ने लेख किया है .....1. पुष्करण (AS, p.570): जिला बांकुड़ा, बंगाल में सुसुनिया नामक स्थान से प्राप्त एक अभिलेख में पुष्करण के किसी राजा चंद्रवर्मन् का उल्लेख है. इस पुष्करण का अभिज्ञान राय चौधरी तथा अन्य विद्वानों ने जिला बांकुड़ा में दामोदर नदी पर स्थित पोखरन नामक स्थान से किया गया है. सुसुनिया बांकुड़ा से उत्तर पूर्व की ओर 25 मील दूर एक पहाड़ी है. गुप्तसम्राट समुद्रगुप्त की प्रयाग प्रशस्ति में जिस [p.571]: चंद्रवर्मन् का उल्लेख है वह पुष्करण का राजा हो सकता है. ('रुद्रदेव-मतिल-नागदत्त-चन्द्रवर्मा-गणपतिनाग-नागसेन....')
2. पुष्करण (AS, p.571): पुष्करारण्य: मारवाड़ का प्रसिद्ध प्राचीन स्थान है. श्री हरप्रसाद शास्त्री के अनुसार महरौली (दिल्ली) के प्रसिद्ध लोहा स्तंभ पर जिस चंद्र नामक राजा की विजयों का उल्लेख है वह पुष्करण का चंद्रवर्मन् है. यह चंद्रवर्मन् 404-405ई. के मंदसौर अभिलेख में उल्लिखित है. श्री शास्त्री के अनुसार समुद्रगुप्त की प्रयाग प्रशस्ति का चंद्रवर्मन् भी यही है. यह नरवर्मन् का भाई था और यह दोनों मिलकर मालवा तथा परिवर्ती प्रदेश पर राज्य करते थे. पुष्करण या पोखरण कर्नल टॉड के समय (19 वीं सदी का प्रथम भाग) तक मारवाड़ की एक शक्तिशाली रियासत थी. (देखें अनाल्स ऑफ राजस्थान, पृ. 605). पोखरण का प्राचीन नाम पुष्करण या पुष्करारण्य था. इसका उल्लेख महाभारत में है.... सभा पर्व है 32,8-9 इस स्थान पर पुष्करारण्य का उल्लेख माध्यमिका या चित्तौड़ के पश्चात होने से इसकी स्थिति मारवाड़ में सिद्ध हो जाती है. यहां के उत्सवसंकेत गणों को नकुल ने दिग्विजय यात्रा के प्रसंग में हराया था.
Susunia inscription of Chandravarman dated 4th century AD
The Indian Archaeology Blogspot[7] provides us following information about Susunia inscriptions of 4th Century A D From Ancient History of Bengal, vol. I, on Susunia inscriptions:
The Susunia Rock inscription,the earliest reference to the cult of Vaishnavism, is a short Sanskrit inscription in three lines engraved in Brahmi script on Susunia hill, recording the installation of an image of Vishnu during the reign of Chandravarman.
The first two lines of it incised below a big wheel (chakra) with flaming rib and hub, refer to it as the work of the illustrious Maharaja Chandravarman, the lord of Pushkarna....
The third line is incised to the right of the wheel, but its reading and consequently its meaning is not very clear. It certainly refers to the dedication (of the cave) to Chakrasvamin, which literally means the 'wielder of the discuss, i.e., Vishnu...It may be reasonably inferred that the excavated cave, on the wall of which the inscription was incised, was intended to be a temple of Vishnu. Suniti Chattapadhaya "holds that Puskarana mentioned in Susuniya inscription is the modern Pokarnya or Pakharna situated in Bankura District of which Candravarma was the king." (Prachin Vanger Puskarna-janapad - in Vangasri, 1339-40 B.S., 1932-33 A.D., pt. 1, p. 135-136).
On the rock face another script is visible, which is "Sankha Lipi (script)" from a period between 8th to 10th Century A.D. Till date this Sankha Lipi can not be deciphered. Many observe this not as script but symbols.
Radhakumud Mookerji[8] writes that Susunia Rock inscription describes Chandravarma as ruler of Pushakarana (village near Susunia hill in Bankura district). The Susunia inscription describes Chandravarma as son of Simhavarma. Mandsaur inscription of Malwa year 461 = AD 404 also mentions Simhavarma,son of Jayavarma and father of Naravarma. The Gangdhar inscription of Malwa year 480 = AD 423 mentions Vishvavarma as son of Naravarma. The Mandsaur inscription of Malwa year 493 = AD 436 and 529 = AD 472 refers to Gopta Nripa Vishvavarma and his son nripa Bandhuvarma as feudatories at Dashapur under Kumaragupta I. Thus these three inscriptions testify to the following line of Malwa Kings:
Simhavarma → Naravarma (AD 404) → Vishvavarma (AD 423) → Bandhuvarma (AD 426)
The Simhavarma of this list is counted by H P Sastri as identical with Simhavarma, with his son Chandravarma, as mentioned in the Susunia inscription, in which case Chandravarma becomes a brother of Naravarma.
Notable persons
References
- ↑ A Ray, Mangolkot: An ancient Township, N. K. Bhattashali centenary Volume, (Delhi 1984), Debala Mitra and G. Bhattacharyya (eds.), pp. 285-91.
- ↑ B.D. Chattopadhyay, Studies in Early History, (Delhi, 2003), p. 81
- ↑ Ghosh, Binoy, Paschim Banger Sanskriti, (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, p. 408-409, Prakash Bhaban
- ↑ Majumdar, R.C., History of Ancient Bengal, pp. 32, 444, Tulshi Prakashani.
- ↑ Sengupta, Nitish, History of the Bengali-speaking People, p.21, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
- ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.570-571
- ↑ Indian Archaeology Blogspot
- ↑ The Gupta Empire,p.9
Back to West Bengal