Rewa

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Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)
District map of Rewa
Location map of Rewa

Rewa (रीवा) is a city and district in Madhya Pradesh. Its ancient name was Adhiraja.

Variants

Origin

Rewa derives its name from another name for the Narmada River.

Location

The Rewa city lies about 420 km northeast of the state capital Bhopal and 130 km south of the city of Allahabad. Rewa is connected to Allahabad via NH 27 and Sidhi, Satna, Maihar and Varansi via NH-7. In nearby Sidhi district, a part of the erstwhile princely state of Rewa, and now a part of Rewa division, the world's first white tiger, a mutant variant of the Bengal tiger, was caught. World's first white tiger safari is located in REWA district of Rewa division.

Tahsils in Rewa District

Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh has 11 Tehsils:

1 Huzur , 2 Hanumana, 3 Teonthar, 4 Mangawan, 5 Jawa, 6 Sirmour, 7 Mauganj, 8 Naigarhi, 9 Semaria, 10 Gurh, 11 Raipur Karchuliyan,

Source - https://www.census2011.co.in/data/district/297-rewa-madhya-pradesh.html

Jat Gotras Namesake

  • Dhanoi (Jat clan) = Dhanavahi (धनवाही) (L.10). Dhanavahi pattala (धनवाही पट्टला) (L.10) is mentioned in Rewah Plates of the time of Trailokyamalladeva -(Kalachuri) Year 963 (=1212 AD). The record is a vitta-bandha or 'deed of mortgage' for the village Alirā (अलिरा) (L.14), situated in the Dhovahatta pattana (धोवहट्ट पट्टन) (L.10) of the Dhanavahi pattala (धनवाही पट्टला) (L.10). The village was pledged by the Saiva teacher śāntasiva, son of the royal preceptor (rājaguru) Vimalasiva, to the Rāņaka Dharēka (राणक धरेक) (L.14). Dhovahatta (दोवहट्ट) which was a pattana at the time is identical with the village of Dhureti where the plates were found. [3]

History

The district derives its name from the town of Rewa, the district headquarters, which is another name for the Narmada River. The territories now included in the district were held by the imperial Maurya dynasty, which ruled in the 3rd century BC. The area came under the Kalachuris from the 9th to the end of the 12th century. In the 13th century, Ulugh Khan, brother of Sultan Alauddin, drove the Baghela king east into the area, where he founded the Princely State of Rewa. This dynasty continued until the last successor, Martand Singh, abdicated and acceded rule to the Dominion of India in 1947. The present Rewa district came into existence in 1950 when the Provinces and States Order (transfer of enclaves) was put into effect.

Before independence, hunting tiger was considered honourable in India. Once the Rewa King went for hunting, and he found an odd white-coloured tiger, called Mohan. Mohan was sent to others to continue his breed; all of today's white tigers are thought to be Mohan's progeny. Authorities planned to make a zoo in Rewa, named for the White Tiger which has been under dispute. This first white tiger safari or zoo was established by the Central Zoo Authority of India in Mukundpur.

The central committee on pre-independence files recently released files giving insight on the Indian independence movement in Rewa. These include case files on nationalist Subash Chandra Bose and a series of 124 books by authors suppressed by the British Raj for revolutionary activities. Martland Press of Rewa, run by Pandit Ram Bharose Awasthi, was instrumental in publishing India's first national anthem and national song "Vande Mataram" in 1927, which was distributed in the Tripuri session of Congress in Jabalpur.[9] This led to the seizure of printed books from Allahabad and Jabalpur and the revolutionary activities were crushed.

Rewa (princely state)

Rewa State Map

Rewa State, also known as Rewah, was a kingdom and later princely state of India, surrounding its eponymous capital, the town of Rewa. With an area of about 43,530 km2 (16,807 sq mi),[10] Rewa was one of the largest princely states in the Bagelkhand Agency and the second largest in Central India Agency. Rewa was also the third-wealthiest principality in Central India, with an average revenue of 2.9 million rupees in 1901.[11] The Bagelkhand Agency was dissolved in 1933, following which Rewa was placed under the authority of the Indore Residency. Rewah state had a 15-gun salute.

History: According to legend, the kingdom of Rewa was founded around 1140 CE. On 5 October 1812, it became a British protectorate. Between 1 April 1875 and 15 October 1895, Rewa remained under the direct colonial administration of British India.[12]

The ruler of Rewa ruled from Bandhavgarh during the founding reign of Raja Vyaghra Dev, who was a direct descendant of Gujarati warrior king Vir Dhawal. In 1617, Maharaja Vikramaditya Singh moved his capital to Rewa. Maharaja Martand Singh was the last ruler of Rewa who acceded to the Union of India after the country became India.

Akbar was given refuge at Rewa at age 10, when his father Humayun fled India following a defeat in war. Prince Ramchandra Singh and Akbar grew up together as royal heirs. Maharaja Ramchandra Singh and Akbar remained friends. In the mid-1550s, Raja Ramachandra Singh Baghela maintained a musically talented court, including the legendary Tansen. Two of the Navratnas of Akbar, Tansen and Birbal (originally named Mahesh Das) were sent from Rewa by Maharaja Ramchandra Singh once Akbar became Emperor of India. In 1580, Akbar reorganized his empire into 12 Subahs and combined the provinces of Jaunpur Sultanate, Kara-Manikpur and territory of Bandhogarh into the Subah of Ilahabad.

Raja Vishwanath Singh abolished Sati in the state under British pressure in 1847. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Rewa State sided with the British East India Company.[13] Rewa State was important for the British Raj from perspective of logistics as roads and railway lines connecting Gangetic plains to Deccan passed through the state.[14]

Rewa was the first princely state in India to declare Hindi the national language, in the times of Maharaja Gulab Singh. He is also credited for declaring the first responsive government in modern India, providing citizens of Rewa state a right to question their monarch's decisions.

The state came under British paramountcy in 1812 and remained a princely state within the British Raj until India's independence in 1947.

During the long minority of Raja Venkat Raman Singh (b.1876, r.1880–1918), the administration of the state was reformed. In 1901, the town boasted a high school, a "model jail" and two hospitals: the Victoria hospital and the Zenana hospital. However, Lord Irwin criticized the lagging of state in terms of development and he spoke of Rewa's need to end its aloofness with the world and it was still adjudged among the most backward areas of the country by V.P. Menon, after he visited the state in 1947.

During Gulab Singh's reign, the state turned more towards autocracy and regional autonomy with tahsildars needing His Highness' permission for petty decisions.

Post-independence period Upon India's independence in 1947, the maharaja of Rewa acceded unto the Dominion of India. Rewa later merged with the Union of India and became part of Vindhya Pradesh, which was formed by the merger of the former princely states of the Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand agencies. Rewa served as the capital of the new state.

In 1956, Vindhya Pradesh was merged with other nearby political entities to form the Indian constitutive state of Madhya Pradesh. The Maharaja's palace was converted into a museum.

In February 2007, an extensive book on the history of Rewa, Baghelkhand, or the Tigers' Lair by Dr D.E.U Baker, was published by Oxford University Press.[citation needed]

Rewah Stone Inscription of Karna

Lata has been identified with Central and Southern Gujarat in the Rewah Stone Inscription of Karna.[15]

Rewah Plates of the time of Trailokyamalladeva : (Kalachuri) Year 963 (=1212 AD)

Being Improved
No. 1.— Rewah Plates of the time of Trailokyamalladeva -(Kalachuri) Year 963 (=1212 AD)

By N. P. Chakravarti, M.A., Ph.D., Ootacamund.

Source - Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6

[p.1]: This set of two copper-plates was found in 1929 at Dhureti, a village about 7 miles from the Rewah town, by a cultivator while ploughing his field, and is now preserved in the Treasury at Rewah. During my visit to Rewah early in 1936, I came to know of this find and later in the same year the Political Minister of the State very kindly sent me the plates for examination and taking impressions. The record has already been noticed by me in the Annual Report, Archaeological Survey of India, 1935-36, pp. 90-91 and I am now editing it in the Epigraphia Indica with the kind permission of the Rewah Darbar.

....There is a seal attached to the ring, bearing at the top the figure of Gaja-Lakshmi in relief, rather crudely executed. Below the figure is a legend in one line which reads Shrimat-Trailokyamalla. ....Each plate has 11 lines of writing, the letters being approximately 1/2" in height. The engraver appears to have left too much margin between the lines in the second plate and had to engrave the last two lines in slightly smaller characters so that the record could be completed in this face of the plate. The engraving was done rather carelessly. Some of the letters are ill formed and while syllables have been dropped in many places, only in two cases the missing letters have been supplied at the top of the line concerned. The characters are Nagari, the language being Sanskrit. .....

[p.2]: ....The inscription opens with the sacred syllable om and obeisance to Shiva and Ganapati which are followed by three invocatory verses. The first two of these verses are in praise of Krishna and Shiva respectively and the third is a quotation of the verse found at the commencement of Dandin’s Kavyadarsha . A similar instance is found in the Rewah Plates of the Maharanaka Kumarapala (V. S. 1297) and the Maharanaka Harirajadeva (V. S. 1298)2 where the last of the three introductory verses is taken from the introduction to Bana’s Kadambari.

The record (LL. 5-7) refers itself to 'the prosperous, auspicious and victorious reign of the illustrious Trailokyamalladeva, who was endowed with all the royal titles commencing with Paramabhattaraka (i.e., Paramabhattaraka- Maharajadhiraja-Paramesvara), who was a devout worshipper of Mahesvara (Shiva), who was the lord over three rajas (viz.), the lord of horses, the lord of elephants and the lord of men, who was a veritable Vachaspati in the investigation of the various (branches of) knowledge, who meditated on the feet of the illustrious Vamadeva, (and) who was the lord of Kanyakubja. In L.12 he is also called trisati-rajy-adhipati, an epithet not met with elsewhere.

The date of the record is given in L.7 as Samma(va)t 963 Jyeshtha-sudi 7 Some dinarh-(ne), i.e., on Monday the 7th day of the light half of the month of Jyeshtha in the year 963, which must be referred to the Kalachuri era. The date is, however, irregular, unless Some is an error for Saumye in which case it would regularly correspond to Wednesday, the 9th May A.D. 1212.

Lines 7-9 mention some of the officers of the king and the offices they held. Malayasimha (मलयसिंह) (L.8) who bears the titles Mahamahattaka and Mandalika was the minister (mantrin) of the king. The other officers mentioned are : Thakkura Haripala, the Sandhivigrahika or the minister of Foreign Affairs, Vahada (वाहड़) (L.8), the city-prefect (Kottapala) and Srichanda, who was a merchant (shreshthin), the writer of deeds (arthalekhin). The last three among others appear to have been the members of the pamchakula (पंचमुख) and the dharmadhikarana (धर्माधिकारण).

2. Ind. Ant. Vol. XVII, pp 231 ff and 235 ff - For another inscription where the benedictory stanza of Kalidasa's Shakuntala is cited as an introductory verse, see above, Vol. XI, p. 65.

[p.3]: The record is interesting in that it is not the usual land-grant but is a vitta-bandha or 'deed of mortgage'1 for the village Alirā (अलिरा) (L.14), situated in the Dhovahatta pattana (धोवहट्ट पट्टन) (L.10) of the Dhanavahi pattala (धनवाही पट्टला) (L.10). The village was pledged by the Saiva teacher śāntasiva, son of the royal preceptor (rājaguru) Vimalasiva, to the Rāņaka Dharēka (राणक धरेक) (L.14), but no mention is made of the actual amount of money that was taken as loan. The mortgagee, who belonged to the Vatsa-gotra, was a son of Sēvarāja (Sivarāja) and grandson of Rāsala (रासल) (L.14). The document is said to have been issued from A camp in a certain auspicious place, apparently in the city of Dhovahatta (LL. 10-14). The deed was executed by Nādaśiva, another son of Vimalasiva, on the authorisation of his elder brother Sāntasiva (11. 15-18). The mortgagee was given all the rights of collecting taxes. As far as it can be made out from L. 19, the meaning of which is not quite clear, he also appears to have been given the right of holding the village in pledge as long as he wished, probably meaning thereby till all the dues were cleared.

There were seven witnesses to the deed, viz., the Pattakila Madanē, Silē, Thakur Süpata, Thakur Gāmgē, Ranadhavala, Gargadēva and Kavita (? LL. 19-20). It appears from the use of punctuation marks in lines 20-21 that Thakur Gollana (गोल्लाण) (L.20 ), probably an additional witness, was also authorised to take possession, evidently on behalf of the mortgagee. The document was drawn up by the Pandits Visvēsvara and Gamgādhara and engraved by Sīruka (सीरुक). As it is not a land-grant, it naturally does not contain any imprecatory and benedictory verses at the end. In connection with the identification of Trailokyamalla mentioned in the present record we may observe that most of the birudas used by this ruler were used by the Kalachuri rulers of Tripuri and also by the Gāhadavāla rulers of Kanauj. But though places in the neighbourhood of Rewah were within the Kalachuri territory we do not know of any Kalachuri ruler of this name. I would therefore identify this Trailokyamalla with the homonymous ruler mentioned in the Rewah Plates of Harirāja of V. S. 12982. Cunningham and Kielhorn have already suggested that he is no other than the Chandēlla ruler Trailokyavarman for whom we have records dating from V. S. 1261 to 1298 (A.D. 1205-1241). But while Trailökyavarman, like his predecessors, calls himself Kalanjarādhi pati in both the sets of Garrah plates of V. S. 12613 and Trikalingadhipati in the Rewah plates of the Mahārāņaka Kumāra pāla dated V. S. 12974, he is called Kanyakubjadhipati in the present inscription, a title used by the Gahadavāla rulers of Kanauj. Though this last-mentioned title is not found in any other Chandēlla record, it is not unlikely that with the decline of the Gāhadavāla power, Trailokyamalla assumed this title, as he did also the title of Trikalingādhipati borne by the Kalachuris of Dāhala. Many years ago a hoard of 48 silver coins of the Chandēlla Madanavarman was found at Panwar in the Teonthar Tahsil of the Rewah State. This find tends to show, as has been already suggested by Dr. H. C. Ray, that even in the time of this ruler the Chandēlla power penetrated into Bāghelkhand, north of the Kaimur range. But that the country around Rewah still continued to be under the Kalachuris for several decades is certain. We have two inscriptions of the Kalachuri Vijayasimha's time to support this view. The first is the Rewah plate of Salakshanavarman, the chief of Kakarēdi (modern Kakreri on the border of Rewah and Panna States) and still a feudatory of

1. For a deed of mortgage engraved on brick which was found in a village near Jaunpur, 30 J. A. S. B., Vol. XIX, PP. 464-66. It is dated Samvat 1273 Ashadha-budi 6 Ravau (=Sunday, 11th June, A.D. 1217) and records the loan of 2,250 drammas on the pledge of certain fields.

2. Ind. Ant., Vol. XVII, pp. 235 f.

3. Above, Vol. XVI, pp. 274 ff.

4. Ind. Ant., Vol. XVII, pp. 231 ff.

5. See J. P. A. S. B., Vol. X (1914), PP. 199 f.

6. See bis Dynastic History of Northern India, Vol. I, pp. 727 f.

[p.4]: Vijayasimha in V. S. 1253 (A.D. 1195), the date of the record, and the second, the Rewah inscription of Malayasimha' dated K. 944 (A.D. 1192-93). Verse 24 of the latter record seems to show that already before K. 944, Salakshana had tried to throw off the yoke of subordination of these rulers, probably by joining hands with the Chandēllas, an attempt in which he was not apparently successful. I have noticed elsewhere a damaged inscription of the reign of Vijayasimha, the date on which seems to read (Chēdi year) 962. Unfortunately the provenance of this record, which was issued from Tripuri, is not known. But as it is now deposited in the Rewah Treasury, it is likely that it did not come from a place far from the Rewah town. If that is so, it is clear that the Kalachuris were still holding sway in this part of Bāghelkhand in K. 962. The record under consideration, however, shows that in K. 963, i.e., only & year later, their territory contiguous to the Rewah town had passed under the Chandēllas. In the inscription of Vijayasimha of K. 962 referred to above, we find the name of one Mandalika Malayasimha mentioned among the officers of this ruler. The Rewah inscription of K. 944 also mentions a Samanta Malayasimha who was responsible for the excavation of a tank and also for the setting up of the record in the reign of the very same Kalachuri ruler. Now there is nothing against our taking Malayasimha mentioned in these two records as identical. It is quite likely that Malayasimha, whose ancestors were connected with the Kalachuri rulers as officers for several generations, was himself appointed an officer by Vijayasimha sometime between K. 944 and K. 962. But what is surprising is that the record under consideration also not only mentions Malayasimha bearing the titles Mahāmahattaka and Mandalika but in addition calls him a mantrin or minister of the ruling king, viz., Trailokyamalla. As this inscription is later than the inscription of K. 962 by one year only, there is little doubt that Malayasimha mentioned in all the three inscriptions is one and the same person. If this view is correct, then we have to admit that one of the chief officers of Vijayasimha not only transferred his allegiance to the conquering ruler but was also appointed a minister under him. It is reasonable to assume that he had to accept the Chandēlla suzerainty to save himself and his estate. We have a parallel instance in the history of the chiefs of Karkarēdi. We know from his Rewah plate that in V. S. 1253 Salakshanavarman was still a feudatory of the Kalachuri Vijayasimha. But in the Rewah plates of Harirāja (V. S. 1298) and his son Kumāra pāla (V. S. 1297) we find these chiefs owing allegiance to the Chandēlla ruler Trailökyavarman. But what is puzzling in the present record is the appointment of Malayasimha as a minister by the Chandēlla ruler. It may be that he helped the latter in his cause in some way or other or it may be that on account of his experience in local administration his services were utilized in the newly conquered territory on his accepting the Chandēlla supremacy. In conclusion it would not be out of place to say a few words about the Saiva teachers mentioned in the record. As I have already pointed out. Vimalasiva mentioned in the record is no other than the Räjaguru Vimalasiva of the Jubbulpore Kotwali Plates of Jayasimhadēva of K. 918. Though the name is not found elsewhere it is probable that he belonged to the line of the ascetics of the Mattamayūra clan who were held in great reverence by the Kalachuri rulers of Tripuri. We know from the present record that Vimalasiva had two sons, the elder being Santasiva and the younger Nādasiva. The epithets applied to the latter two teachers show that they, like their father, were also held in high estimation. Säntabiva is said to be the incarnation of the

1. Ind. Ant., Vol. XVII, pp. 228 ff.

2.See An. Rep. A. S. I., 1935-36, pp. 84-90.

3. Above, Vol. XXI, pp. 93 ff.

4. Above, Vol. XIX, pp. 296 ff.

5. An. Rep. A. S. I., 1935-36, p. 91.

[p.5]: sage Durvāsas in the Kali age. The interpretation of another phrase used in connection with him is rather puzzling. It is trisati-rājy-adhipati-srimat-Trailökyamalla-päd-archchana-ratah (L.12). Probably this has to be translated as 'whose feet were devotedly worshipped by the illustrious Trailokyamalla, the lord of the kingdom (consisting) of three hundred.' If that is so, it is reasonable to conclude that this teacher was getting some patronage from the new ruler as well, who also calls himself a Paramamāhësvara. It is not clear under the circumstances why he should have to alienate what was apparently one of the gifts these teachers received from the Kalachuri rulers. Probably the Chandēlla conquest was very recent and as such these teachers did not get the same patronage as was hitherto extended to them by their former patrons and as a result they had to mortgage one of their gift villages to raise funds. A somewhat similar instance is provided by the Bengal Asiatic Society's Plates1 of the Gāhadavāla Govindachandra which record that in V. S. 1177 (A.D. 1120), in presence of this ruler, the village of Karanda in the Antarala-pattalā which was originally given to the Rajaguru-Saivācharya-Bhattāraka Rudrasiva by (the Kalachuri ruler) Yashahkarna was transferred to Thakkura Vasishthabarman. Dr. F. W. Hall, who edited this record, suggested that the village which changed hands lay in the country conquered by Govindachandra from Yasahkarna.

Of the localities mentioned in the record Dhovahatta (दोवहट्ट) which was a pattana at the time is identical with the village of Dhureti where the plates were found. The other localities mentioned in the record, viz., Dhanavahi-pattalā and the village Alira, I am unable to identify.

Wiki editor Notes



Places of historical and tourist importance

The rain-water of the district flows out along two tributary rivers of the Ganges, the Tons or Tamas and the Son.[25] The Bichiya River flows through the heart of Rewa city.

The Tamsa or Tons and its tributaries form waterfalls as they descend from the Rewa Plateau, including: the Chachai Falls (127m) on the Bihar River, a tributary of the Tamsa, the Keoti Falls (98m) on the Mahana River, a tributary of the Tamsa, the Odda Falls (145m) on the Odda River, a tributary of the Belah River, which is itself a tributary of the Tamsa, Bahuti fall on Chataniha river beside Misirgawan village, and the Purwa Falls (70m) on the Tamsa or Tons.[26]

Deorkothar(or Deur Kothar) is known for its Buddhist stupas and may have been established by the Maurya king Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. In ancient times the site was located on the Dakshinapatha (Southern Trade Route) running east–west from Pataliputra (Patna) to Pratishthana in Maharashtra through Central India.

रीवा (म.प्र.)

रीवा (AS, p.797) म.प्र. में स्थित है. प्राचीन नाम बांधवगढ़ है. यहां बुंदेला क्षत्रियों का राज्य था.

रीवा परिचय

रीवा मध्य प्रदेश प्रांत का नगर है। यह विंध्य पठार का एक हिस्से का निर्माण करता है और टोंस एवं उसकी सहायता नदियों द्वारा सिंचित है। भूतपूर्व रीवा रियासत की स्थापना लगभग 1400 ई. में बघेल राजपूतों द्वारा की गई थी। मुग़ल सम्राट अकबर द्वारा बांधवगढ़ नगर को ध्वस्त किए जाने के बाद रीवा महत्त्वपूर्ण बन गया और 1597 ई. में इसे भूतपूर्व रीवा रियासत की राजधानी के रूप में चुना गया। सन 1812 ई. में यहाँ के स्थानीय शासक ने ब्रिटिश सत्ता से समझौता कर अपनी सम्प्रभुता अंग्रेज़ों को सौंप दी। यह शहर ब्रिटिश बघेलखण्ड एजेंसी की राजधानी भी रहा। [27]

अधिराज

विजयेन्द्र कुमार माथुर[28] ने लेख किया है ...अधिराज (AS, p.19): महाभारत सभा पर्व [31,3] के अनुसार सहदेव ने अपनी दिग्विजय-यात्रा के प्रसंग में इस देश के राजा दंतवक्र को पराजित किया था- 'अधिराजाधिपं चैव दंतवक्रं महाबलम्, जिगाय करदं जैव कृत्वा राज्ये न्यवेशयत्'। अधिराज का उल्लेख मत्स्य के पश्चात् होने से सूचित होता है कि यह देश मत्स्य (जयपुर का परवर्ती प्रदेश) के निकट ही रहा होगा। किंतु श्री नं. ला. डे का मत है कि यह रीवा का परवर्ती प्रदेश था।

Notable persons

External links

References

  1. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  2. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  3. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  4. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  5. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  6. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  7. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  8. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  9. ↑ District profile of Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, Compiled By :- Suvendu Singha District Facilitator, Rewa Division MP State Planning Commission – UNICEF MP Date of compilation: 20 June 2012
  10. ↑ India (22 January 2024). "White Paper on Indian States".
  11. ↑ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 9, page 378 — Imperial Gazetteer of India — Digital South Asia Library".
  12. ↑ Princely States of India. worldstatesmen.org.
  13. ↑ Baker, David E.U. (2007). Baghelkhand or the Tiger's Lair. Oxford University Press. pp. 170–180. ISBN 978-0-19-568321-9.
  14. ↑ Baker, David E.U. (2007). Baghelkhand or the Tiger's Lair. Oxford University Press. pp. 170–180. ISBN 978-0-19-568321-9.
  15. ↑ Epigraphia Indica. XXIV, Pt. III, July 1937, p. 110.
  16. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  17. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  18. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  19. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  20. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  21. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  22. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  23. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  24. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol.25, 1939-40,pp.1-6
  25. ↑ https://rewa.nic.in/
  26. ↑ K. Bharatdwaj. Physical Geography: Hydrosphere. p. 154.
  27. ↑ भारतकोश-रीवा
  28. ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.19

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