Norsemen

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Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)

Norsemen (नॉर्समैन) were a North Germanic ethnolinguistic group of the Early Middle Ages, during which they spoke the Old Norse language.[1][2][3] The language belongs to the North Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages and is the predecessor of the modern Germanic languages of Scandinavia.[4]

Variants

History

During the late eighth century, Scandinavians embarked on a large-scale expansion in all directions, giving rise to the Viking Age. In English-language scholarship since the 19th century, Norse seafaring traders, settlers and warriors have commonly been referred to as Vikings. Historians of Anglo-Saxon England distinguish between Norse Vikings (Norsemen) from Norway who mainly invaded and occupied the islands north and north-west of Britain, Ireland and western Britain, and Danish Vikings, who principally invaded and occupied eastern Britain.

Modern descendants of Norsemen are[5]the Danes, Icelanders, Faroe Islanders, Norwegians, and Swedes,[6] who are now generally referred to as "Scandinavians" rather than Norsemen.[7]

The terms Norseman and Northman

The word Norseman first appears in English during the early 19th century: the earliest attestation given in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary is from Walter Scott's 1817 Harold the Dauntless. The word was coined using the adjective norse, which was borrowed into English from Dutch during the 16th century with the sense 'Norwegian', and which by Scott's time had acquired the sense "of or relating to Scandinavia or its language, esp[ecially] in ancient or medieval times".[8] As with modern use of the word viking, therefore, the word norseman has no particular basis in medieval usage.[9]

The term Norseman does echo terms meaning 'Northman', applied to Norse-speakers by the peoples they encountered during the Middle Ages.[10]The Old Frankish word Nortmann ("Northman") was Latinised as Normannus and was widely used in Latin texts. The Latin word Normannus then entered Old French as Normands. From this word came the name of the Normans and of Normandy, which was settled by Norsemen in the tenth century.[11][12]

The same word entered Hispanic languages and local varieties of Latin with forms beginning not only in n-, but in l-, such as lordomanni (apparently reflecting nasal dissimilation in local Romance languages).[13] This form may in turn have been borrowed into Arabic: the prominent early Arabic source al-Mas‘ūdī identified the 844 raiders on Seville not only as Rūs but also al-lawdh’āna.[14]

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, written in Old English, distinguishes between the pagan Norwegian Norsemen (Norðmenn) of Dublin and the Christian Danes (Dene) of the Danelaw. In 942, it records the victory of King Edmund I over the Norse kings of York: "The Danes were previously subjected by force under the Norsemen, for a long time in bonds of captivity to the heathens".[15][16][17]

Other names

In modern scholarship, Vikings is a common term for attacking Norsemen, especially in connection with raids and monastic plundering by Norsemen in the British Isles, but it was not used in this sense at the time. In Old Norse and Old English, the word simply meant 'pirate'.[15][16]] [17]

The Norse were also known as Ascomanni, ashmen, by the Germans, Lochlanach (Norse) by the Gaels and Dene (Danes) by the Anglo-Saxons.[18]

The Gaelic terms Finn-Gall (Norwegian Viking or Norwegian), Dubh-Gall (Danish Viking or Danish) and Gall Goidel (foreign Gaelic) were used for the people of Norse descent in Ireland and Scotland, who assimilated into the Gaelic culture.[19] Dubliners called them Ostmen, or East-people, and the name Oxmanstown (an area in central Dublin; the name is still current) comes from one of their settlements; they were also known as Lochlannaigh, or Lake-people.

The Slavs, the Arabs and the Byzantines knew them as the Rus' or Rhōs (Ῥῶς), probably derived from various uses of rōþs-, i.e. "related to rowing", or from the area of Roslagen in east-central Sweden, where most of the Northmen who visited the Eastern Slavic lands originated.[20]

Archaeologists and historians of today believe that these Scandinavian settlements in the East Slavic lands formed the names of the countries of Russia and Belarus.

The Slavs and the Byzantines also called them Varangians (Old Norse: Væringjar, meaning "sworn men"), and the Scandinavian bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors were known as the Varangian Guard.[21]

Modern Scandinavian usage

Modern Scandinavian languages have a common word for Norsemen: the word nordbo (Swedish: nordborna, Danish: nordboerne, Norwegian: nordboerne, or nordbuane in the definite plural) is used for both ancient and modern people living in the Nordic countries and speaking one of the North Germanic languages.

Geography

The British conception of the Vikings' origins was inaccurate. Those who plundered Britain lived in what is today Denmark, Scania, the western coast of Sweden and Norway (up to almost the 70th parallel) and along the Swedish Baltic coast up to around the 60th latitude and Lake Mälaren. They also came from the island of Gotland, Sweden. The border between the Norsemen and more southerly Germanic tribes, the Danevirke, today is located about 50 kilometres south of the Danish–German border. The southernmost living Vikings lived no further north than Newcastle upon Tyne, and travelled to Britain more from the east than from the north.

The northern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula (with the exception of the Norwegian coast) was almost unpopulated by the Norse, because this ecology was inhabited by the Sami, the native people of northern Sweden and large areas of Norway, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula in today's Russia.

The Norse Scandinavians established polities and settlements in what are now Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales), Ireland, Iceland, Russia, Belarus, France, Sicily, Belgium, Ukraine, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, Poland, Greenland, Canada,[22] and the Faroe Islands.

An old Norse poem about Jaets (Jats)

"I remember Jaets
born in the dawn of time,
those who once
nourished me;
nine worlds I remember
nine Jaet women,
and the widely known tree of destiny,
hidden under the ground."
(Elder Edda)[23]

Jat History

Mangal Sen Jindal[24] writes.... "Darius (Dara) had an ambition to conquer Europe, as Cyrus had subdued Asia and Cambyses Africa; but the Scythians and other war-like races there were more powerful than any brabaric tribes whom the Persians had already encountered. There were numerous people, whose half savage habits are described by contemporary historians, including the Getae in modern Bulgaria, the Sauromatae (men of the north) to the west of the Caspian; and between to Don and Volga, the Budini, 'a numerous race with blue eyes and red hair', according to Herodotus. The last were celebrated for their religious rites, and lived by herding and farming; and some ethnologists find them to be the ancestors of the Norse race who afterwards settled in Scandinavia, and in due time had a good share in making up the early English and Scottish population. The name of this Aryan race suggests, Woden or Odin, the great Gods of our forefathers. Having crossed the Bosphorus by a bridge of boats, Darius and his Persians Overran Thrace, conquered the Getae, and then passed to the left bank of the Danube.[25]

External links

See also

References

  1. ↑ Fee, Christopher R. (2011). Mythology in the Middle Ages: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. ISBN 978-0313027253.
  2. ↑ McTurk, Rory (2008). A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 7. ISBN 978-1405137386.
  3. ↑ eAngelo, Jeremy (2010). "The North and the Depiction of the "Finnar" in the Icelandic Sagas". Scandinavian Studies. 82 (3): 257–286. JSTOR 25769033. "The term "Norse" will be used as a catchall term for all North Germanic peoples in the sagas..."
  4. ↑ Leeming, David A. (2014). The Handy Mythology Answer Book. Visible Ink Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-1578595211. ""Who were the Norse people? The term Norse is commonly applied to pre-Christian Northern Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the so-called Viking Age. Old Norse gradually developed into the North Germanic languages, including Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish."
  5. ↑ Kristinsson, Axel (2010). Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age. ReykjavíkurAkademían. ISBN 978-9979992219.
  6. ↑ Kennedy, Arthur Garfield (1963). "The Indo-European Language Family". In Lee, Donald Woodward (ed.). English Language Reader: Introductory Essays and Exercises. Dodd, Mead.
  7. ↑ Davies, Norman (1999). The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198030737.
  8. ↑ "Norseman, n.", "Norse, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/128316, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/128312.
  9. ↑ "Viking, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/223373
  10. ↑ "Northman, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/128371.
  11. ↑ Michael Lerche Nielsen, Review of Rune Palm, Vikingarnas språk, 750–1100, Historisk Tidskrift 126.3 (2006) 584–86 (pdf pp. 10–11) (in Swedish)
  12. ↑ Louis John Paetow, A Guide to the Study of Medieval History for Students, Teachers, and Libraries, Berkeley: University of California, 1917, OCLC 185267056, p. 150, citing Léopold Delisle, Littérature latine et histoire du moyen âge, Paris: Leroux, 1890, OCLC 490034651, p. 17.
  13. ↑ Ann Christys, Vikings in the South (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), pp. 15–17.
  14. ↑ Ann Christys, Vikings in the South (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), pp. 23–24.
  15. ↑ "Viking, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2018.
  16. ↑ Cleasby, Richard; Vigfusson, Gudbrand (1957). "víkingr". An Icelandic–English Dictionary (2nd edition by William A. Craigie ed.). Oxford University Press.
  17. ↑ Bosworth, Joseph; Northcote Toller, T. (1898). "wícing". An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
  18. ↑ Richards, Julian D. (2005). Vikings : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0191517396.
  19. ↑ Baldour, John Alexander; Mackenzie, William Mackay (1910). The Book of Arran. Arran society of Glasgow. p. 11.
  20. ↑ Thunberg, Carl L. (2011). Särkland och dess källmaterial. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-91-981859-3-5.
  21. ↑ Sverrir Jakobsson, The Varangians: In God’s Holy Fire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020). ISBN 978-3-030-53797-5[pages needed]
  22. ↑ Linden, Eugene (December 2004). "The Vikings: A Memorable Visit to America". Smithsonian Magazine.
  23. ↑ Who were the Jaets? — DALUM HJALLESE DEBATKLUB
  24. ↑ Mangal Sen Jindal (1992): History of Origin of Some Clans in India/Jat From Jutland/Jats, their Different Names,p.5
  25. ↑ "The story of Extinct Civilization of the East, page 187."
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