Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions/Conclusion II

Among these the Abhira, Arjunayanas, Atavikas, Kakas, Kharaparikas, Kotas, Kurus, Licchavis, Madrakas, Malava, Prarjunas, Pusyamitras, Sanakamkas and Yaudheyas are the indigenous tribes while the Daivaputra, Huna, Mleccha, Murundas, Sahanusahi, Sahi, Saimhalaka, Saka, and Vahllka represent the foreign stock.

We have seen how some of these tribes migrated to places other than their original settlements and gave their names to

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 177

the janapadas they settled. They replaced the old Vedic tribes in Punjab and Rajasthan though some of them are deemed as offshoots of the main tribe. The Prarjunas, Sanakanikas, Kakas and Kharaparikas may be later tribes since they find hardly any mention in the ancient texts. The Madrakas who were a branch of the Salvas (who had a totemic origin) and the Licchavis who had legendary origin as a result of an incestuous union between brother and sister may even be pre-dated to Aryan way of life, indicating the period of totemic worship and when there was no conscious taboo on incest. About the foreign tribes mentioned above we find that the Sakas influenced India so much that the Purana-writers included Saka-dvipa in the Bhuvanakosa section. There are probabilities of the Huna and Vahlika settlements in the Punjab and some territories known after them. The title Sahi was supplanted by the Hunas and Turks in their administrative systems. After the Aryans migrated to the east, the lands in the North-West were looked at with contempt, by the easterners and were labelled as the Mleccha lands. The term Mleccha was generally used for the foreigners who did not come under the pale of Aryandom. Hence the people in the North-West who came under foreign influence and were liberalized in their outlook, were also terms as the Mlecchas. Thus we find that the process of political and the ethnic transformation continued.

Not only that we find that the majority of the above- mentioned tribes were Aryanized, some under the Vratya variety while others under the Vrsala system. The Hunas and the Sakas were admitted to the Kshatriya stock while the Saka-brahmanas known as the Magas were brahmanised. Many pre-Aryan names were Sanskritized but some names retained their old forms; the names like the Licchavis, Abhira, etc., cannot be explained through the root and suffix of Aryan language. ⁶²⁹

Thus we see that the ethnic, geographical and cultural factors differentiated one tribe from the other. The use of the terms Arya, Anarya, Mleccha, Vratya and Vrsala prove it beyond doubt. But there was interaction among these tribes and the tribes which interacted later survived as castes. Most of these tribes represented the Little Tradition and were absorbed into the Great Tradition. Some of their cults and their

178 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions

gods became a part of the main-stream of the Aryan society.

The Linguistic Survey of India has shown a survival of India's janapadas through the long periods of time. The areas of Indian dialects and languages as they are found today correspond, in a striking manner, to the ancient or medieval janapadas or janapada-samghatas (federations of Janapadas). Even the Janapadas of the maha-Janapadas of the sixth century B.C. comprised small areas. 'The ancients were not great conquerors' declared Bana, an author of the seventh century A.D., 'for in a small area of land, they had number of kings'. ⁶³⁰ By the close of the Gupta period, however, the Janapadas had grown sufficiently in size, and in the middle ages they came to be almost what we find them today.⁶³¹

It may also be conceded that the gana states of the Yaudheyas, Malavas and Licchavis were not democracies or republics in the sense in which we understand these words today. Supreme and ultimate power did not lie vested in the whole body of adult citizens. We can still describe these states as republics. Standard works and authorities on the political science define republic as a state, where the sovereign power vests, not in a single person as in monarchy, but in a group or college of persons, more or less numerous. Oligarchies, aristocracies, and democracies have all been labelled as republics. ⁶⁸²

In any case modern India may take legitimate pride in the fact that, though she may not have had democracies in the modern sense, government by discussion was by no means unknown in her ancient civilization. 633

Finally we may say that Samudragupta did not destroy the Malavas, Arjunayanas, the Yaudheyas and the Madras to extinction; they had become tributary but retained their internal autonomy. Their territories were never directly administered by the Guptas, and so their republican institutions could not have been much affected.

References

Ref 1-200

1. Satapatha Brahmana, I, 4, I, 10 to 17; S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. Introduction p. xiv; A. Ghosh, Vz. p. 33.

2. Astadhyayi, 1/2/52 and 1/2/55.

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 179

3. A.S. Altekar, (Kz)² , p. 118.

4. D.C. Sircar, Hz. p. 36, Thirteenth Rock Edict, LL. 9-10.

5. Ibid., p. 17, Second Rock Edict.

6. Astadhyayi, 4/1/168 to 4/1/178.

7. K.P. Jayaswal, Ux. (edn. 1924) p. 156.

8. Romila Thapar, C. p. 50.

9. Ibid., p. 51.

10. Shobha Mukerji, Lg. p. 132; Cf. R.C. Majumdar, Cx. (edn. 1922) p. 257.

11. Arthasastra : XI. 1. 160

12. Ibid., XI.l. 160-61.

13. A.L. Basham, Qg. p. 97.

14. Aitareya Brahmana, VII. 3.14; A.S. Altekar, (Kz) 2 (edn. 1972), p. 117.

15. A.S. Altekar, op. cit., p. 125.

16. Vx. pp. 422-23.

17. V. 3. 114.

18. Amarakosa, II/8/3-4; A.S. Altekar, (Kz) 2 (edn. 1972), p. 114.

19. A.S. Altekar, (Kz) 2 , p. 109: देव केचिद्देशा गणाधीना केचिद्राजाधीना: I Avadanasataka, II, p. 103.

20. Ibid.,(Kz) 2 , pp. 109-111.

21. D.C. Sircar, Oz. p.23, note 7.

22. Ibid., Ly. p. 2.

23. Ahlra being the Prakrit form of the Sanskrit word Abhira.

24. B.C. Law, Tg. p. 79.

25. A.L. Basham, Qg. pp. 195, 305.

26. Govinda 'Lord of Herdsman' which literally in Sanskrit means 'cow-finder'. It seems to be a Prakrit word whose correct Sanskrit equivalent should be 'Gopendra'.

27. IX, 37. 1.

28. Qy. pp. 136, 139-40.

29. R.K. Mookerji, Ag. pp. 25-26; B.C. Law, Tg. pp. 80-81.

30. 1.2.3.

31. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. pp. 50-51.

32. Kamasutra (ed. Pancanan Tarkaratna), pp. 289, 308; S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 45, note 14.

33. Chap. 57, Vs. 35-48; chap. 58, v. 22.

34. Chap. 45, 126.

35. XVI, p. 135, v. 31.

36. GJ. IX, p. 279.

37. V. I., 247.

38. GJ. XXV, p. 203.

39. Sahitya-Darpana (ed.) Satyavrat Singh, p. 472, V. 163 :

आभीरेषु तथाभीरी ताण्डाली पुक्कसदीषु ।

आभीरी शाबरी चापि काष्ठपात्रोपजिविषु ।।

180 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions

40. Kavyadarsa, 1.36 : आभीरादिगिर कावेष्वपभ्रंश इति स्मृति ।

41. JJ. Vol. XXVII, March 1951; "Observations on the sources of Apabhramsa stanzas of Hemacandra", p. 19.

42. 2.6.13

43. 2.9.57

44. 2.2.50

45. Robert Shafer, Kx. p. 67.

46. Ibid., p. 67, note 6.

47. J.N. Bhattacharya, Tx. p. 297.

48. Pargiter, Kg., pp. 2-3.

49. Ibid., pp. 54-55.

50. Mahabharata, XVI, 7.63.

51. X.15.

52. S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. pp. 191-92: B.C. Law, Tg. pp. 96-97.

53. XIV, p. 120, v. 12.

54. Robert Shafer, Kx. pp. 119-20.

55. For Anavas, see Ibid, pp. 21-22.

56. 1.112,23; IV.26.1.

57. Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) 1 p. 93. S.B. Chaudhury, Jx. p. 92. B.C. Law, Tg. p. 95.

58. Rgveda, VIII, 1.11; Yajurveda, X.21; Satapatha Brahmana, II, 1, 2-11; V.4.3.7.

59. Sten Konow, Dz. p. 115. Dx. Introduction, p. 61.

60. Mahabharata, Virataparvan, IV. 39.18 :

पथिव्यां चतुरन्ताया वर्णों में दुर्लभ: सम: ।

करोमि कर्म शुक्लं च तेन मामर्जुनं विदु: ।।

61. Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) 1 p. 95.

62. Buddha Prakash, Studies in Indian History and Civilisation pp. 248- 249.

63. Buddha Prakash, 'Central Asia, the Crucible of Cultures' SJ. Vol. XV (1956), p. 54.

64. A part of which has been published and translated by F.W.K.Muller.

65. Buddha Prakash; (Zy.) 1 P- 94.

66. Ibid.

67. Panini, IV. 3.98. V.S. Agrawala, Jy. p. 341.

68. Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) 1 p. 93.

69. V.S. Agrawala, Jy. p. 30.

70. R.C. Majumdar, L. p. 105.

71. XIV, p. 122, v. 25.

72. Brhatsamhita, XVI, p. 133, v. 22.

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 181

73. R.K. Mookerji, Ag. p. 25.

74. H.C. Raychaudhuri, Az. (5th edn.), p. 545.

75. V.A. Smith, X. p. 160.

76. No. 1, L. 21 :परिचारकीकृत-सर्व्वाटविक-राजस्य: In परिचारकीकृत we find the use of च्वि suffix which shows that he made them to become his servants who were not his servants.

77. D.C. Sircar, Hz. p. 395, L. 8 :

साष्टादशाटवी राज्याभ्यांतरं डभाला-राज्यमन्वागतम्

78. Ibid., p. 395, note 3.

79. G.T. XXXVIII, p. 331 तोसल्या साष्टादशाटवीराज्यां

80. Sabhaparvan, XXX, 1176.

81. B.C. Law, Tg. p. 383.

82. D.D. Kosambi, (Xz)¹ , (edn. 1975), p. 151.

83. D.C. Sircar, Oz. p. 21.

84. Brhat-Samhita, XIV, p. 122, Vs. 29, 30.

85. Cf. Fleet, (Dx)¹ . p. 13, note 7.

86. Robert Shafer, Kx. p. 59.

87. See the Appendix No. IV.

88. It has been used by Kaniska, Vasiska, Huviska, and Kaniska II in their epigraphic records; See D.C. Sircar, Hz. For Kaniska pp. 138- 39, 144-45; For Vasiska pp. 149-50; For Huvika pp. 152-53, 157; For Kaniska II p. 154.

89. F.W. Thomas,P. Part II. p. 305; Cf. Mookerji, Ag. p. 27.

90. A.K. Narain, Fg.,p. 50.

91. F.W. Thomas, P. Part II, p. 305.

92. Nos. 422, 500, 572, Vide : Py. pp. 112-113.

93. F.W. Thomas, P. Part II, p. 305 : In Homer the kings are 'Zeus-born', the title god was born by Ptolemy, VI, in 164-146 B.C., as also by a Parthian Arsakes on the Indian border; earlier Parthian kings (Mithradates II, Mithradates III, Phreates II and III) bore the title 'god-fathered'. In India every king was deva.

94. Rgveda, X, 62.4.

95. Cf. JJ. I, p. 259 : The whole expression Daivaputra-sahisahanusahi corresponds with the full royal insignia 'Daivaputra-maharaja-rajatiraja' of the later Greek Kusanas

96. F.W. Thomas, P. Part II, pp. 307-19. Cf. Manu, VII. 3.

97. Ibid., p. 307.

98. D.C. Sircar, Hz. pp. 138-57.

99. F.W. Thomas, P. Part II, p. 311. Candana in connection with Kaniska denotes Chen-t'an cīna-sthāna, i.e. Chinese Turkestan.

100. Ibid., p. 312: For the inscription, see UJ. 1914, pp. 973-7; Konow, Dx. pp. 70-77.

101. F.W. Thomas, P. Part II, p. 313.

102. Maharaja-Kanika-lekh, v. 47.

182 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions

103. F.W. Thomas, P. Part II, p. 310.

104. Fz. p. 256 : Karna as the son of god Surya; Ibid., p. 758; Bhlma as the son of god Vayu; Ibid., p. 855; Yudhisthira as the son of god Dharma or Yama; Ibid., p. 1288 : Hanuman as the son of Pavana or Maruta, 'the Wind'.

105. D.C. Sircar, Hz. pp. 16-33.

106. No. 54, L. 2 : Devaputravat one having divine sons (disciples); D.C. Sircar, Hz. p. 331.

107. No. 13, L. 15 : हूणैर्य्यस्य समागतस्य समरे दोर्म्यां धरा कम्पिता भीमावर्त्करस्य-

108. R.B. Pandey, Wx. p. 101, f.n. 3.

109. Uigur transcriptions of Chinese, Chinese terms from J.J.M.De Groot 'Die Hunnen der vorchristlichen Zeit' (Berlin, Leipzig, 1921), Vol. I, pp. Iff.

110. Robert Shafer, Kx. p. 155, f.n.l.

111. Ibid., pp. 155-56

112. Ibid., p. 156.

113. Ibid.

114. "Huns and Hsiung-nu", Byzantion 17 (1944-45), pp. 222-243

115. Ibid., p. 224.

116. La haute Asie (1931), p. 6.

117. Oriens 1 (1948), pp, 208-219.

118. In Der Islam 29 (1949), pp. 244-246.

119. See Robert Shafer, Kx. pp. 156-57.

120. Jarl Charpentier, "The original Home of the Indo-Europeans", EJ. Vol. IV, 1926-28, p. 165.

121. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 194.

122. D.C. Sircar, Oz. p. 101.

123. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p.194.

124. (Dx)¹ , p. 158.

125. Ibid., p. 161.

126. LJ. LXIII. 186; JJ. XII, 531.

127. G.I. I. 239.

128. NJ. XIV, 28ff.

129. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 136.

130. NJ. XVIII, 203.

131. HJ. XV, 245.

132. J.T. XII, 532.

133. Wz. p. 59.

134. Upendra Thakur, Dg. Foreword, p.v.

135. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 197; l.Qz. p. 58.

136. (Dx)¹ pp. 142 if.

137. Ibid : ये भुक्ता गुप्तनाथैर्न्न सकल-वसुधाक्क्रान्ति-दृष्ट-प्रतापैर्नाज्ञा हूणाधिपानां

138. Ibid., pp! 146-147, L. 6.

139. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. 196 : V. pp. 549-50; B.C. Law, Tg. p. 58.

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 183

140. Ibid., Pg. p. 199.

141. Ibid., pp. 184-85.

142. B.C. Sircar, Oz. pp. 24, 36-37, 38.

143. Raghuvamsa, IV. 68.

144. Ibid :

तत्र हूणावरोधानां भर्तृषु व्यक्तविक्रमम् ।

कपोलपाटलादेशि बभूव रघुचेष्टितम् ।।

145. Brhatsamhita, XVI. v. 38, p. 136.

146. Ibid., XIV. v. 27, p. 122.

147. Upendra Thakur, Dg. p.46.

148. Ibid., See Foreword by D.C. Sircar, pp. v-viii.

149. VI. 9.64.

150. B.C. Law, Tg. p. 356. === 150- 151. UJ. 1897, pp. 892-9.

152. B.C. Law, Tg. p. 356, note 4.

153. R.K. Mookerji, Ag. p. 26. R.S. Tripathi, Zx. p. 245.

154. JJ. I, p. 258.

155. GJ. XII, p. 46, v.5.

156. Fz. p. 337, col. 3.

157. LVIII, 47.

158. A variant reading is ' Svarasagararasi '.

159. CXXI, 56.

160. B.C. Law, Tg. p.356.

161. K.P. Jayaswal, Ux. (edn. 1924), p. 156.

162. No. 1, L. 14 : दण्डैर्ग्राह्यतैव कोत-कुलजं पुष्पाह्वये क्रीडता-

163. R.K. Mookerji, Ag. p. 14.

164. E. 'The Kaumudlmahotsava as a Historical Play', p. 120.

165. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. pp. 139-40.

166. Ibid, p. 140; S.R. Goyal, D. pp. 140-141; NJ. pp. 113, 119.

167. Fleet, (DX) ¹ , p. 5.

168. Ibid., p. 12; also see Pataliputra in the place-names.

169. S.R. Goyal, D. p. 140.

170. U.N. Roy, Lz. p. 93.

171. Fleet, (Dx)¹ , p.260, note 4.

172. No. 22, L. 7 : स उत्तराणां सदृशे कुरूणां उदग्दिशा-देशवरे प्रसूत: 173. B.C. Law, Tg. p.18. ,

174. Rigveda, X, 33, 4. It may also mean 'the hearer of (the praises of) the Kurus'.

175. Ibid, VIII, 3.21.

176. XX, 127, 7; Khil. V. 10.

177. XIII, 5, 4.

178. Buddha, pp. 403-404.

179. Vg. Vol. I, p. 167.

180. Ill, 23.

181. Vg. Vol. I, p. 167.

184 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions

182. Ibid., pp. 165-66.

183. VIII, 14.

184. Vg. Vol. I, p. 168.

185. Satapatha Brahmana, III, 2, 3, 15.

186. Vg. Vol. I, p. 168;

S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 35; V. Vol. I, p. 47.

187. VIII. 14.

188. VIII. 23.

189. Vg. Vol. I, p. 84; Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 101, 102.

190. B.C. Law, Tg. pp. 21-22. See the reference to Kurudlpa, Dipavamsa, p. 16; and the statement in the Sasanavamsa, p. 12, that the place of the inhabitants of Uttaradipa is called the kingdom of Kurus (Kururattham).

191. Shama Shastri's Translation of Arthasastra, p. 455.

192. Ibid., I, p. 29.

193. Robert Shafer, Kx. pp. 30-31.

194. Ibid, p. 31, notes 2, 3. Alfred Ludwig first interpreted Kuriu as 'red' and later as 'brown'.

195. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 129; Pathak takes the word dauhitra in the technical sense of Putrikā-putra who was called dvamusyayana, i.e., a person having dual parentage and possessing dual hereditary rights of both the natural father and the maternal grandfather. (TJ. XIX pt. II, pp. 140-41); See also S.R. Goyal, D. pp. 90-91, note 2.

196. Fleet, (Dx) ¹ Introduction, pp. 134-36.

197. No. I, L. 22.

198. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 130.

199. B.C. Law, Tg. p. 332.

200. Ibid., p. 315 ; Gx. p. 295 Smith holds that Candragupta, a local Raja at or near Pataliputra, married Kumaradevi, a princess belonging to the Licchavi clan, in or about the year 308.

Ref 201-400

201. Yogendra Mishra, F. pp. 106-12; B.C. Law, Tg. pp. 295-96:Medhatithi and Govindaraja, the two earliest commentators of the Manu-smrti ? read Licchavi and this reading tallies exactly with the name as given by Kautilya. Therefore, this form represents the earliest spelling of this word in the Brahmanical Sanskritliterature.It is only Kulluka Bhatta, the Bengali Commentator of the fifteenth century, who reads Nicchivi in a verse of Manu (X.22). This was due to a confusion between 'la' and 'na' of the fifteenth century in the Bengali language. Moreover, these letters are frequently inter-changed in our tongues as we know from our common experience.

202. Kautilya Arthasastra,'ed. R. Shama Shastri, p. 455. The Sanskrit Text has.-

लिच्छिविक-वृजिक-मल्लक-कुकुर-कुरु

पान्चालादयो राजशब्दोपजीविन:

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 185

The 'ka' at the end of Licchavi, etc. is adjectival.

203. Ibid.

204. 'Notes on the Vajji Country and the Mallas of Pava' NJ. Vol. VI, Pt. II, June 1920, pp. 259 ff.

205. B.C. Law, Tg. p. 295, note 4.

206. Rhys Davids, T. pp. 25-26, 40; Chaudhuri, Jx pp. 164-65.

207. H.C. Raychaudhuri, Az. p. 101.

208. Yogendra Mishra, F. pp. 106-112.

209. B.G. Gokhale, Ez. pp.27-28; B.C. Law, Tg. pp. 299-300.

210. B.G. Gokhale, Fz. pp. 27-28.

211. Yogendra Mishra, F. pp. 106-112.

212. Beal, Gg. Introduction, p. XXII.

213. Ibid, f.n. 1.

214. B.C. Law, Tg. pp. 302-4.

215. Yogendra Mishra, F. pp. 106-112.

216. HJ. Vol. XXXVII, 19.8, p.79.

217. Yogendra Mishra, F. pp. 106-112; Law, Tg. pp. 303-4.

218. Ibid., f.n. 2; B.C. Law, Tg. pp. 297-98.

219. B.D. Gokhale, Ez. pp. 27-28'

220. Manu, X. 22.

221. Ibid., 20.

222. According to Buhler: the Manusmrti was compiled at some time between 200 B.C. and A.D. 200 (Buhler, Manu, Introduction, p. CCVII).

223. B.C. Law. Tg. pp. 301-2.

224. B.G. Gokhale, Ez. pp. 27-28.

225. A.C. Banerjea, Nz.' 'The Vratya Problem", pp. 81-171.

226. Ibid., pp. 88-89.

227. Ibid., pp. 96-97.

228. HJ. Vol. XXXVII, p. 79; Fleet, (Dx) ¹ Introduction, p. 135.

229. Ch. 34, Kanda 7, verse 25.

230. B.C. Law, Tg. pp. 298-99. Yogendra Mishra, F. pp. 106-12.

231. S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. pp. 91, 115; Pargiter, M. p. 264.

232. Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) 1 p. 111.

233. 11.52. 1870.

234. J. Przyluski, N. p. 4.

235. Mahabharata, I. 121. 4695.

236. J. Przyluski, N. p. 4.

237. चंद्रव्याकरण 11,4,103:

उदुम्बरास्तिलखला मद्रकारा युगन्धरा ।

भूलिंगा शरदण्डाश्च साल्वावयव संज्ञिता: ।।

Buddha Prakash connects Yugandhara with modern Jagadhari in Punjab: Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) ¹ p. 110.

186 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions

238. J. Przyluski, 'Les Salvasa' Journal Asiatique (1929), pp. 312-325.

239. J. Przyluski, N. p. 4.

240. XIV, 2, p. 119; XIV, 27, p. 122.

241. Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) 1 p. 107.

242. See Ibid., p. 112; Also See N.L. De in JJ. II, 131, who connects them with Media or 'mad' and its division Azerbijan which resolves into Airyana-vija (Aryan seed) from its Avestan name Aryavaijam.

243. B.C. Law, Tg. p.54. Also see H.C. Ray, LJ. (New Series, Vol. XVIII, 1922, No. 4).

244. Vg. II., p. 123.

245. Altindisches Leben, p. 102.

246. 111,7, 1.

247. BrhadaranyakaUpanisad, III. 3, 1; 7, 1.

248. VIII, 14.3

249. Altindisches Leben, p. 102.

250. Vg. II, p. 123.

251. VII, 3, 13.

252. Brhatsamhita, 14.22 :

दिशि पश्चिमोत्तरस्यां मांडव्यतुषारतालहलमद्रा ।

अश्मककुलूतहलडा स्त्रीराज्यनृसिंहवनखस्थ:।।

253. Ibid., 14-27 (Vs.24-27) : उत्तर त:

अम्बरमद्रकमालव पौरवकच्छार दण्डपिंगलका:

माणहलहूणकोहल शीतक मांडव्यभूतपुरा:

254. Ramayana (Griffith's translation), Additional Notes, p. 43.

255. B. C. Law, Tg. p. 55.

256. Smith, Gx. p. 302.

257. V. pp. 549-50.

258. Cunningham, Sz. p. 185 ; see also Ibid., pp. 5-6.

259. S. B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 116.

260. Mahabharata, VIII, 44.17 :

शतद्रुकामहं तीर्त्वा तां राम्यामिरावतीम् ।

गत्वा स्वदेशं द्रक्ष्यामि स्थूलशंखा: सुभा: स्त्रिय: ।।

261. Cunningham, Sz. p. 180.

262. S. B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 115 ; Milinda Panho, pp. 1, 2.

263. Ibid.

264. In the Sutra, IV.2.75.

265. 11.32 : तत: शाकलमभ्येत्य मद्राणां पुटभेदनम्

266. Kalingabodhi Jataka (Fausboll),No. 479; Kusa Jataka (Fausboll) No. 531, vide Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) 1 p. 114.

267. Mahabharata, I, 1229, ff. vide Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) ¹ p. 113, f.n. 116.

268. Mahabharata, Udyogaparvan, chaps. 8 and 19 ; Dronaparvan, chap. 103 ; Bhlsmaparvan , chaps. 51, 105-6 ; Karnaparvan, chaps.

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 187

5-6, Vide B. C. Law, Tg. p. 58.

269. B.C. Law, Tg. p. 54.

270. 2, 3, 17.

271. 114,41.

272. Ibid., 208, 5.

273. Shama Shastri (ed.), p. 455.

274. B. C. Law, Tg. p. 57.

275. See Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) ¹ pp. 112-113.

276. Ibid., f. n. 2, pp. 56-57.

277. Adiparvan, chap. 113 ; (Zy.) ¹ f.n. 4, p. 113, f. n. 116.

278. N. L. Dey, NX. p. 49.

279. II. 294.

280. S. B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 117.

281. Patanjali, II, 298 ; IJ. VI.128-36. Patanaprastha is the same as [[]Paithan]] or Pathankot situated at the entrance of the Kangra valley. Vide, Ibid, f. n. 1, p. 117, f. n. 7.

282. Mahabharata, XII, 65.

283. Ibid., 207 ; Robert Shafer ; Kx. p. 143.

284. Mahabharata, VIII. 40.21 ff.

285. Ibid., VIII.40.28.

286. Ibid., 40.28, 41 : नापि वैरं न सौहार्दं मद्रकेन समाचरेत् ।

287. VIU.1531, Rajatarangini II, p. 120. Also see" H. C. Ray in LJ. XVIII, 1922, p. 257.

288. Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) ¹ pp. 113-14.

289. Mahabharata, Vanaparvan, chaps. 291-8, pp. 509-23, Maharaja of Burdwan's Edition.

290. Mahabharata, IV. 8, 3-4.

अक्षौहिणीपतिराजन् महावीर्य प्राक्रम:

विचित्रकवचा: शूरा विचित्रध्वजकार्मुका:

विचित्रभरणा: सर्वे विचित्ररथवाहना:

स्वदेशवेशाभरणा वीरा सतसहस्त्रश:

291. S. B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 116.

292. No. I, L. 17 : मालवानां गण-स्थित्या या (ते) शत चतुष्टये ।

293. U.I. 1915, pp. 138-40. (Dx.) 1 p. 87.

294. Fleet, (Dx.) 1 Introduction, pp. 65-68.

295. UJ. 1914, p. 414.

296. Ibid., p. 747.

297. GJ. Vol. XXVII, p. 15 ff : विक्ख्यापके मालववंश: (वंश) कीर्ते:

298. Cf. Robert Shafer, Kx. p. 144 ; Shafer takes Malava literally the sense of 'horse-keeper'.

299. GJ. Vol. 27, No. 4, p. 16, L. 11 :

विक्ख्यापके मालववंश: कीर्ते:

शरदगणे पञ्चशते व्यतीते त्रिघातिताष्टाभ्याधिकेक्क्रमेण

188 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions

"When five hundred and twenty four years, announcing the fame of the race of the Malavas, as pure as the rays of autumnal moon, had elapsed one after another."

300. Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) ¹ p. 111.

301. Brhatsamhita, XIV. v.27, p. 122 : उत्तर त:

अम्बरमद्रकमालव पौरवकच्छार दण्डपिंगलका:

It is possible that Madras and Malavas were sons from different wives of the same king. Later on the kingdom might have been divided in between them. So they were living adjacently but became independent people.

302. D. C. Sircar, Hz. pp. 265-66, note 4.

303. R. C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 142.

304. Ibid.,

305. D. C. Sircar, Hz. p. 169, note 6 ; B.C. Law, Tg. pp. 60-61.

306. Ibid., p. 91, note 6 ; HJ. Vol. XX, p. 404.

307. Law, Tg. p. 62.

308. Buddha Prakash. (Zy) 1 , p. 111.

309. Ibid. f. n. 1, p. 65.

310. Agrawala, Jy. p. 455.

M. R. Singh, MX. pp. 369-70.

311. B. C. Law, Tg. p. 60; M. R. Singh, MX. p. 370 : In the Mahabharata, the name Ksudraka-Malava occurs in a single appellation for more than half a dozen times.

312. IV.1.68.

313. Dronaparvan, chap. 10, p. 17.

314. Sabhaparvan, chap. 32, p. 7.

315. B. C. Law, Tg. p. 62.

316. CJ. Vol. VI, 1871-3, pp. 72 ff. as quoted by Law.

317. R. K. Mookerji, Ag. pp. 24-25 ;GJ. Vol. VIII, p. 44.

318. Bhagavata XII, 1, 36 ; Visnu, Bk. II, Chap. Ill ; Brahmanda, Chap. XIX, Sloka 17.

319. Robert Shafer, Kx. p. 144 ; Pargiter, Kg. pp. 54-55.

320. Buddha Prakash, (Zy) 1 , p. 111.

321. The Ramayana (Kishkindha Kanda, Canto XLII). See Law, Tg. p. 63, f. n. 2.

322. Vanga Lauhityat purvena/ ...... /Avantika Ujjayini desa bhavah/ ta evapara Malavyah.

323. He places Vanga to the east of the Lauhitya,

324. JJ. XIX 'Yadavaprakasa' on the Ancient Geography of India, p. 222 : Kavyamlmamsa, ed. T. G. Sastri, p. 9.

325. Mookerji, Ag. p. 25 ; Also see Hz. p. 91, note 6 : Tg. p. 64 for Western and Eastern Malava.

326. M. R. Singh, MX. p. 371 ; GJ. V. p. 299.

327. Law, Tg. p. 64.

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 189

328. M.K. Sharan, Sg. p. 174. For Malava Coins : See D. C. Sircar, Mz. pp. 204-208 and M.K. Sharan, Sg. pp. 181-214.

329. Law, Tg. p. 64.

330. Ibid., p. 65.

331. Ibid.

332. D. C. Sircar, Hz. p. 309, f. n. 3.

333. R. C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 163.

334. D. C. Sircar, Ly. p. 203:

Cf. Upendra Thakur, Pg. pp. 65-70.

335. Robert Shafer, Kx. p. 12, f. n. 1.

336. Ibid. p. 23.

337. Fz. p. 837, col. 3.

338. I-I न मलेच्छितावै: II. 53-8. नार्या मलेच्छन्ति भाषाभिर्मायया न चरन्त्युत ।

339. Robert Shafer, Kx. p. 24.

340. Vg. Vol. II, p. 181.

341. iii, 2, 1.24.

342. iii, 2.1.23.

343. Weber, My. 180; Cf. Keith, Aitareya Aranyaka, 179, 180, 196.

344. F.E. Pargiter, M. p. 235.

345. S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 132, HJ. XX.p. 374.

346. VI. 9.65.

347. Mahabharata (Gita Press) Karna Parva, 45/25

मानुषाणां मलं मलेच्छा मेच्छानां शौण्डिका मलम

शौण्डिकानां मलं षण्डाः षण्डानां राजयाजकाः

348. Ibid., 40/42-43.

मद्रका सिन्धुसौवीरा धर्मं विद्दु: कथंत्विह ।।42।।

पापदेशोद्भवा मलेच्छा धर्मानामाविचाक्षणा: ।

349. Ibib., 45/36-37.

सर्वज्ञा यवना राजञ्शूराश्चैव विशेषत: ।

मलेच्छा स्वयंसंज्ञानियता नानुक्त मितरे जना: ।।

प्रतिरब्धास्तु वाहिका न च केचन मद्रका: ।

350. II. 32.16; II. 34.10 :

351. Mahabharata (edn. by M.M. Haridas Siddhantabagis, Calcutta), VII, 80, 42, cf. 1, 72, 15, 15; (Bangavasi edn.) VI, 9, 65.

352. 7/149:

जडमुकान्धब धिरांस्तैर्य्ग्योनान्वयोतिगान ।

स्त्रीमलेच्छव्याधितव्यङ्गान्मंत्रकालेअपसारयेत ।।

I See Burnell's Translation p. 166 note 7. Mlecchas literally barbarians.

353. Manu-smrti (ed. Haragovind Sastri) 3/9. p. 101.

354. Ibid., 10-45.

355. B.C. Sircar, Oz. (edn. 1971) p .67.

190 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions

356. Ibid., p. 277; Varaha Purana 140/4-5

357. 2/10/20 : भेदा: किरातशबरपुलिंदा मलेच्छजातय: ।

358. XIV, 21: निर्मार्यादा मलेच्छा ये पश्चिमदिक्स्थितास्ते च ।।

359. XVI, II.

360. Ibid., 35.

361. S. Beal, Gg. p. 57.

362. S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 133.

363. C.H. Tawney's English Translation, I, p. 151.

364. Ibid., II, p. 564.

365. VIII, 2762-64; XI, p. 217; Cf. Harivamsa, 11, 57, 20

मलेच्छा हैमवतास्थता ।

366. S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. pp. 132-33.

367. GJ. XVIII, p. 101, verse 4.

368. GJ. XXV, p. 222, verse 18; GJ. XXVI, p. 92; GJ., XII. p. 200.

369. Og. The Uṇādi Suffixes, p. 234 :

क्षुधिपिशिमिथिभ्य कित /3/55

क्षुधुनो मलेच्छजाति:

370. B.C. Sircar, Oz. (edn. 1971), pp. 83-84.

371. देवपुत्र-षाही-षाहनुषाही-शकमुरुंडै:सैंहलकादिभिश्च ।

372. B.C. Law, Tg. p. 94, note I.

373. Fleet, (Dx) ¹ , No. 28, L. 6, p. 127.

374. Ibid., No. 29, L. 6 p. 131; No. 31, L. 6 p. 136.

375. HJ. pp. 192, 257-60.

Also See M.S. Pandey, Bg. pp. 109-10.

376. R.K. Mooker ji, Ag. p. 28.

377. GJ. XIV, 292.

378. J. Allan, Z. p. XXIX.

379. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 136, note, 2.

380. NJ. XVIII, p. 210.

381. IV, 26. Lampakāstu Maruṇḍāh syuh.

382. The Vaijayanti of Yadavaprakas'a, ed. by Gustav Oppert, p. 37, V. 25.

383. B.C. Law, Tg. p. 93

384. D.C. Sircar, Oz. p. 26.

385. Kavyamimamsa, 94. See Yadavaprakasa on the Ancient Geography of India, JJ. XIX, p. 214.

386. Prakrit and Non-Aryan strata in the Vocabulary of Sanskrit, Kz. pp. 65-71 : Prof. Woolner provides us with a large number of words of non-Aryan origin.

387. Me. Crindle, Qy. pp. 215-6. See Law, Tg. p. 93.

388. B.C. Law, Tg. p. 93.

389. M.S. Pandey, Bg. pp. 109-110.

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 191

390. We know of a town named Morinda in Punjab which has some resemblance with the word Murunda and it may point out that the Murundas sometimes resided there.

391. M.S. Pandey, Bg. pp. 109-10.

392. UJ. 1897, p. 892.

393. JJ. Vol. 1, p. 288.

394. Law, Tg. p. 95.

395. Buddha Prakash, (Zy) 1 , p. 93.

396. R. Shamasastri, Kautilya Arthasastra, III, 72, p. 194.

397. No. 13.

398. No. 13, LL. 10-11 :

समुदित-बल-शा (न्पुष्यमित्रान्श्च)(जि) त्वा

क्षितिपचरणपीठे स्थापितो वामपद:।

399. I. p. 45 ; (Dx) 1 , p. 55, note 2). Fleet certifies the reading Pusyamitra, which is the correct form according to Prof. Weber also (Sanskrit Literature, p. 223, n. 237). Jagannath in his article 'The Pusyamitras of Bhitari Pillar Inscription' JJ. Vol. 22, No. 4, Dec. 1946, p. 112, writes :

"I have myself examined the inscription on the original stone, and in my opinion while the first syllable may be 'pu' or 'yu', the next syllable cannot be 'dhya'. Over the subscript there are clear traces of a square form. It is not cylindrical, in shape, as would be the form of 'dh'. It can only be 'p' or

's'. But as 'p' makes an impossible word 'pupya' the choice is evidently restricted to 's' and we get 'pusya'. Mr. Divekar's suggestion is thus disposed of.

We also know of the early king Pusyamitra Sunga, a brahmana, .general of Brhadratha the Mauryan king who was a contemporary of Patanjali (Fleet, (Dx) ¹ p. 55, note 2) which bears out the Prakrit form 'Pusamitta' in the passages given by Dr. Buhler from the Prakrit Gathas (HJ. Vol. II, p. 362 f).

400. HJ. 1889, p. 228.

Ref 401-633

401. Gx. p. 326.

402. UJ. 1909, p. 126.

403. I. p. 46.

404. JJ. XXL, p. 24f.

405. Ibid., XXII, No. 4, Dec. 1946, p. 113.

406. Ibid., Jagannath, pp. 113-115.

407. No. 13, L. 15 : हुणैर्यस्य समागतस्य समरे दोर्भ्यां धरा कम्पिता ।

408. UJ. 1909, p. 126, previously he held that Bhajarka had beaten fcack Toramana, LJ. 1889, pp. 97-98.

409. IJ., V. p. 407 ff.

410. Wilson's translation of the Vis.nupurana, Vol. IV, pp. 212-13.

411. Ibid., p. 215.

412. JJ. xxn, pp. 115-116 :

पुष्यमित्रा भविष्यन्ति पटुमित्रास्त्रयोदश ।

मेकलायां नृपा:सप्त भविष्यन्तीह सप्ततिम् ।।

192 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions

413. HJ. 1889, p. 228.

414. T.J. Vol.V, pp. 135ff.

415. JJ. Vol. XXII, No. 4, Dec.1946, p. 117, "The Pusyamitras of the Bhitari Pillar Inscription".

416. See the Appendix No. IV.

417. IJ. Vol. XIII, p. 85; Majumdar, Pg. pp. 17-18.

418. Buddha Prakash, IJ. Vol. XIII, The Political Geography of India on the eve of Gupta Ascendency', p. 85; Ghirshman, Ny.p.296.

419. Xz. p. 1096.

420. R. Ghirshman, Ny. p. 290.

421. S.R. Goyal, D. p. 179.

422. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 17. It is evident that the whole of Persia was not under Sassanian rule; R. Ghirshman, Ny. p. 289 : Sassanians, claim themselves to be the descendants of the Achaemenians (one of the original Persian tribes from the province of Pars) but the fact has not been proved beyond doubt. It may be noted that before the Sassanians the Parthians were ruling over Iran.

423. See Sahi.

424. IJ. Vol. XIII, pp. 85, 90; R. Ghirshman, Ny. p. 296: We know of the marriage of Hormizd II, son and successor of Narsah (A.D. 303-9) with a Kusana princess.

425. Cf. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 19.

426. Buddha Prakash, (Zy) 1 p. 245.

427. D. Sharma, Fx. p. 198, f.n. 40.

428. See the Appendix No. IV.

429. S.R. Goyal, D. p. 177 : 'Sahi, who belonged to (the family of) the 'Devaputras'.

430. रघुवंश, 4/60 पारसीकांस्ततो जेतुं प्रतस्थे स्थलवर्तमना ।

431. S.R. Goyal, D. p. 179.

432. Śāsa-Śāha : We know that the Vedic Sanskrit and the old Persian (Avesta) were very nearer to each other and Sanskrit 'sa' usually changed to 'ha' in Avesta.

433. V.S. Pathak, New Inscriptions from Ajayagadh, DJ. No. I,. 1956-57, p. 48.

434. B.C. Sircar, Hz. p. 266, f.n. 1.

435. No. I, LL., 23-24 :

देवपुत्रषाहीषाहनुषाहि-शकमुरुंडै:सैंहलकादिभिश्च

सर्व्वद्वीप वासिभिरात्मनिवेदन-कन्योपायन-दान-गुरुत्मदंक स्वविषयभूक्तिशासन

(या ) चनाद्यु-पाय-सेवाकृत ....

436. Majumdar, Pg. p. 149.

437. D.C. Sircar, Hz. pp. 17-18, Second Rock Edict, LL. 2-3.

438. Wz. p. 284.

439. HJ. 1902, p. 194.

440. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 150.

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 193

441. Brhatsamhita, XIV, Vs. 11, 15, p. 12.

442. J.C. Ghosh, BJ. XIX.

443. V.H. Vader, JJ. II, 345-50.

444. D.P. Mishra, Wj. Vol. I 'The Search for Lanka'.

445. John David., BJ. XXI (1941), Parts. III-IV.

446. JJ., Vol. XXVII, No. I, March 1951 'Lanka', pp. 120-26.

447. Ibid., op. cit., p. 122.

448. III. 47.29.

449. VI. 3.21.

450. XII. 66 :महार्णवपरिक्षेपं लंकाया: परिखालघुम् ।।

451. xil. 70 : स सेतुं बंधयामास प्लवंगैर्लवणाम्भिसि ।

452. III. I. 2.26 and ch. 7.52.

453. Fd. by Tawney, I. p. 78, 486, II, p. 442. See also Karpura-Manjari, H.O.S., IV, p. 231.

454. S.B. Chaudhuri, JJ. XXVII, No. I, p. 120.

455. III. 51.23.

456. Walters, Vy. II, p. 233-36.

457. IJ. II, 821.

458. S.B. Chaudhuri, JJ. XXVII, p. 126.

459. HJ. XXII, 29. Cf. The Belava plate of Bhojavarman (v. 14).

460. Ibid., XXII. 73, L. 36.

461. GJ. IV, pp. 278 ff. v. 31.

462. Ibid., XVIII. 52, Vs. 56-60.

463. Ibid., XXV, 245.

464. Ibid., XXI, 243, L. 7.

465. Ibid., XX. 36.

466. O.D.B. Priaulx, Eg. pp. 103 ff.; See Ug. by V.S. Agrawala, pp. 28-29.

467. HJ. 1919, pp. 195-96.

468. Qy. pp. 247ff.

469. Ig. p. 250.

470. Qy. p. 160, f.n. 1,

471. Travels of Marco Polo, ed. by Yule, II, p. 312.

472. Ibid., p. 314, f.n. 2 cf. Parasamudraka of Arthasastra, the name of a kind of pearl.

473. S.B. Chaudhuri, JJ. XXVII, p. 127.

474. Sachau, J. Vol. I. p. 209.

475. Fz, p. 1213, col. 3.

476. D.C. Sircar, Oz. p. 103.

477. (Dx) 1 , p. 14.

478. R.K. Mookerji, Ag. p. 27; A.S. Altekar, Pg. pp. 62-63.

479. Ibid., R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 147, GJ. XVI, p. 230 ; LJ. (N.S.) XIX, p. 337.

480. Cf. A.L. Basham, Qg. pp. 59-60; Buddha Prakash, (Zy) ¹ , pp. 116-17.

481. A.L. Basham, Qg. p. 60.

482. Ibid., p. 61.

^{194 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions}

483. D.C. Sircar, Hz. p. 175ff. Junagarh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman I (Saka) year 72 ( A.D. 150).

484. D.C. Sircar, Hz.[p. 62, f.n.l.

485. A.L. Basham, Qg. pp. 64-65.

486. R.fC. Mookerji, Ag. p. 27.

487. Ibid., p. 64 ; A.L. Basham, Qg. p. 65.

488. P.L. Gupta, A.S. Altekar and A.K. Narain, TJ. xii, pt. II, 1950 ; S.R. Goyal, D. pp. 223-37.

489. A.L. Basham, Qg. p. 65 ; Cf. S.R. Gopal, D. pp. 235-37; Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, Mg. pp. 82-84.

490. A.L. Basham, Qg. p. 65.

491. Fz. p. 1045, col. 3.

492. A.L. Basham, Qg. p. 210.

493. Buddha Prakash, (Zy) 1 , p. 224.

494. Strabo, Ox. XV, III, 20.

495. Budhha Prakash, (Zy) 1 , p. 224.

496. Mahabharata, VIII, 40, 25-28 ; VIII, 44,12,13.

497. Buddha Prakash, (Zy) 1 , p. 225.

498. A.L. Basham, Qg. p. 494.

499. Manu, X.44.

500. A.L. Basham, Qg. p. 142.

501. Fz. p. 1045, col. 3 ; S. B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 114 ; created from the tail of the cow Kamadhenuas told in many curious legends in the Ramayana.

502. Buddha Prakash, (Zy) 1 , pp. 117-120.

503. VI.2.125 mentions Kantha-ending place-names ; V.S. Agrawala, Jy. pp. 70-1.

504. Sten Konow, Dx. Intro, p. 43 ; Dz. pp. 42, 149 ; Panini, IV.2.100 ; IV.2.103; II.4.20; VI.2.124 ; VI.2.125. Also see for details JJ. XXVII, Calcutta, March 1951: Some foreign words in ancient Sanskrit literature, pp. 7-13.

505. Katyayana's Varttika on Panini, 1.1.64 :

शकंध्वादिषु पररूपं वाच्यम् ।

Also see for details : JJ. vol. XXVII, Calcutta, March, 1951: Some foreign words in ancient Sanskrit literature, pp. 8-9.

506. Visnupurana, IV, 3; Vayupurana, ch. 88 ; Brahmandapurana, <ch. 63 ; M.R. Singh, MX. pp. 92-93.

507. Mahdbharata, VI.75.21.

तुषारा यावनाश्चैव शकाश्च सह चूलिकै ।

दक्षिणं पक्षमाश्रित्य स्थिता व्यूहस्य भारत ।।

508. Charaka-Samhita, 30.6.

509. Buddha Prakash, (Zy) 1 , p. 247.

510. Ibid., p. 245.

511. Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, Mg. pp. 91-100.

512. Buddha Prakash, 'Thakura', Central Asiatic Journal, Vol.III (1957), published in Holland, pp. 220-237 ; Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya,

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 195

Mg. pp. 16-17.

513. H.A. Rose, Px. p. 515.

514. Dx. part I, Introduction, pp. 50-51.

515. Buddha Prakash (Zy.) 1 , p. 245.

516. Fleet, (Dx) 1 . p.24, note I; p. 25.

517. No. I, LL. 22-23.

मलवार्जुनायन-यौधेय-माद्रकाभीर-प्रार्जुन-सनकानीक-काक-खरपरिकादिभिश्चसर्व्व कर -दानाज्ञाकरण-प्रणामागमन-परितोषित-प्रचंड-शासनस्य ।

518. Fleet, (Dx) 1 . pp.22-24.

519. B.C. Law, Tg. p, 356.

520. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 143.

521. JJ. Vol. I, pp. 251-258; see also Majumdar, Pg. p. 141, f.n.2; p.132 f.n. 1.

522. R.C. Majumdar, Pg. p. 144; See Fleet, (Dx) 1 , p. 25.

523. D.R. Bhandarkar, JJ. Vol. I, p.258.

524. See the Inscription, Fleet, (Dx) 1 . pp. 24-25.

525. For Chagalaga, see p. 46.

526. No. 20, LL. 1-2.

यस्योद्वर्त्तयत: प्रतीमुरसा शत्रूनसमेत्यागतान्

वन्गेश्वहववर्तिनो अभिलिखिता खड्गेन कीर्तिभुजे ।

तीर्त्वा सप्त मुखानि येन समरे सिन्धोर्ज्जिता वाह्लिका

यस्याद्याप्यधिवास्यते जलनिधिर्व्वीर्यानिलैर्दक्षिण: ।।

Cf. D.C. Sircar, Oz. p. 184.

527. Cf. D.C. Sircar, Oz. p. 94, p. 184; Agrawala, Jy. p. 449.

528. Ramayana, II, 68, Vs. 18-19; "They went through the Valhika country to Mount Sudaman, viewing Visnupada and also the Vipasa and Salmali":

ययुर्मध्येन वाह्लिकान्सुदामानं च पर्वतम् ।

विष्णो: पदं प्रेषमाणा विपाशां चापि शाल्मलीम् ।।

529. MJ. Vol. X, pp. 86ff.

530. We have some passages from the Karnaparvan (Ch. 44) (Online 30) of the Mahabharata:

पञ्चानां सिन्धुषष्ठानां नदीनां ये ऽनतर आश्रिताः

तान धर्मबाह्यान अशुचीन बाह्लीकान परिवर्जयेत (Mahabharata VII.30.11)

शाकलं नाम नगरम आपगा नाम निम्नगा

जर्तिका नाम बाह्लीकास तेषां वृत्तं सुनिन्दितम (Mahabharata VII.30.14)

पञ्च नद्यॊ वहन्त्य एता यत्र निःसृत्य पर्वतात

आरट्टा नाम बाह्लीका न तेष्व आर्यॊ दव्यहं वसेत (Mahabharata VII.30.43)

531. Kamasutra V/23 and V/26; Kavya-Mlmarhsa, Chap' XVII, see in the description of the Uttarapatha; S.B. Chaudhuri,Jx. pp. 117-18, see also p. 117, f.n.3; IJ. Vol. VI, 128-36; D.C. Sircar, Ox. p. 186; B.C. Law, Tg. p, 71.

532. Mahabharata, Karnaparvan (ch.44), v. 10 :

196 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions

बहिश च नाम हलीकश च विपाशायां पिशाचकौ

तयॊर अपत्यं बाह्लीका नैषा सृष्टिः परजापतेः (Mahabharata VII.30.44)

533. B.C. Sircar,Oz. pp. 186-87.

534. B.C. Law,Tg. p. 71.

535. Robert Shafer, Kx. p. 141; Buddha Prakash (Zy) 1 , p. 243.

536. Buddha Prakash (Zy) 1 , p. 243.

537. Mahabharata, Karnaparavan, Ch. 44, v. 7:

पञ्चानां सिन्धुषष्ठानां नदीनां ये ऽनतर आश्रिताः

तान धर्मबाह्यान अशुचीन बाह्लीकान परिवर्जयेत (Mahabharata VII.30.11)

538. No. 20, L.2:

तीर्त्वा सप्त मुखानि येन समरे सिन्धोर्ज्जिता वाह्लिका ।

539. V.S. Agrawala, Jy, p 449.

540. Ry. K.D. Bajpai, 'Identification of Vanga and Vahlika in the Meharauli Iron Pillar Inscription' p. 360.

541. No. 20, L.2

542. V. 22, 5.7.9.

543. Bloomfield, ly. p.446.

544. Vg. Vol. II, p.63.

545. xii, 9,3,3.

546. Vg. Vol. II, p.64.

547. V,23,9; 149,27; UJ. 1910, p.52; vide S.B. Chaudhuhi Jx. p. 110.

548. Ramayana, vii, 103, 7,21,22, Cf. Linga Purana, Pt. I, ch, 65.

549. Jx. p. 110; M.R. Singh, MX. pp. 123-24, see also H.C. Raychaudhuri, Az. (edn. 1972), p. 23

550. Zur Litteratur aid Geschichte des Weda, 41.

551. Indische Studien, I, 205; Proceedings of the Berlin Academy, 1892, pp. 985-995.

552. Altindisches Leb?n, 431-33. Cf. Whitney, Rg. p.260; Hopkins, Qx.p. 373.

553. Vg. Vol. II, p.63.

554. D. C. Sircar, Oz. p. 23 :

वाहीका वाटधानाश च आभीराः कालतॊयकाः (VI.10.45)

555. Ibid., p. 71:

हु (हू) णकौरवगंधारवविदर्भा सविदेहका: ।

वह्लिको बर्बरो देवि कैकय: कोशलोअपि च ।।

556. Saktisangama Tantra, Book III, Chapter 7 : : n Vide, D.C. Sircar, Oz. p. 77.

कम्बोजदेशमारभ्य महामालेच्छात्तु पूर्वके ।

वाह्लिकदेशो देवेशि अश्वोत्पतिपरायण: ।।

557. Udyogaparvan: Of the Vahlika being famous for horses and the account given of Arjuna's digvijaya (sabhaparvan).

558. B.C. Law, Tg. p.70.

559. In his Varttika on Panini, IV. 2.99.

560. Shama Shastri, 1st edn., p. 79.

561. Sometimes the Ramayana places it in the West.

562. Cf. Arthasastra of Kautilya, ed. Shama Shastri, 1st edn., p. 79, f.n. I; M.R. Singh, MX. p. 123,

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 197

http://www.archive.org/stream/personalgeograph00sharuoft#page/196/mode/2up

563. Visnu-Purana, IV/20/31 :

वाह्लिकात्सोमदत्त पुत्रो अभूत ।

564. XVII, 48.

565. साहित्यदर्पण : 6/162 : वाह्लिकभासोदीच्यानां द्राविड़ी द्रविडादिषु

566. Ed. Pancanan Tarkaratna, p. 385.

567. S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 109.

568. Kamasutra of Vatsyayana, ed. Pancanan Tarkaratna, p. 371

569. Amara-ko'sa : 2.8.45; 3.3.9; and 3.5.31.

570. Ibid., 2.6.124; 2.9.40 and 3.3.9.

571. रघुवंश चतुर्थ सर्ग, श्लो. 67-68 .

572. IV.67: रघुवंश IV.67

विनीताध्वश्रमास्तस्य सिन्धुतीरविचेष्टनै ।

दुधुवुर्वाजिन: स्कंधांल्लग्नकुंकुमकेसरान् ।।

573. S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 110:

वाह्लिकदेशजं (वाह्लीक) यद्रघोरुत्तरदिग्विजये दुधुवुर्वाजिन: ।

574. XVI. I, p. 129.

575. Pargiter, M. 256

576. J. Przyluski, N. p.7.

577. Buddha Prakash (Zy)¹ . p. 244; 137-38.

578. M.R. Singh, MX. p. 127

579. S.Beal, U. 1884, I, pp. 44-47.

580. S.B. Chaudhun, Jx. p. 111.

581. R.K. Mookerji, Ag. p.25.

582. D.C. Sircar, Hz. p. 178, L.12.

583. Fleet, (Dx) ¹ , pp. 251-52.

584. S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 93.

585. FJeet, op. cit., p. 252, L. 1 : यौधेय-गण पुरस्कृतस्य महाराज- महासेनापते :....

586. Alexander Cunningham, Sz. pp. 208-09

587. Ibid.

588. Adiparvan, Ch. 95, verse 76:

युधिष्ठिरस्तु गोवासनस्य शैव्यस्य देविकां नाम कन्यां ।

स्वयं वराल्लेभे तस्यां पुत्रं जनयामास यौधेयं नाम ।।

589. (Zy.) ¹ , pp. 103-05.

590. Sg. pp. 65-71.

591. Fauja Singh and L.M. Joshi (Ed.), Hy. Vol. I, p. 180

592. Ibid., p. 179.

593. विष्णु-पुराण (गीता प्रेस)चतुर्थ अंश, अध्याय २०, श्लोक ४४: यौधेयी युधिष्ठिरा-द्देवक पुत्रमवाप ।

594. I. 31.24-28: takes the reading Nrga.

595. 99.18-22: takes the variant reading Mrga.

596. D.C. Sircar, Oz. pp. 252-53.

597. Pargiter, M. p. 264.

198 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions

598. Vg. Vol.1, p. 103; S.B. Chaudhuri, Jx. p. 91; H.C. Raychaudhuri, Az. (edn. 1972), pp. 60-61.

599. Vg. Vol.1, p. 103; K.A. Nilakanta Sastri's, Age of The Nandas and Mauryas, p. 70; Cf. M.K. Sharan, Sg. p.78: Quotation from P.L. Gupta.

600. Dronaparvan 7/18/16; Karnaparvan 8/4/46.

601. Sabhaparvan 2/48/1 3.

602. 1.59.5 : यौधेयानद्रिजान् राजन् मद्रकान् मालवानपि । B.C. Law, Tg, p.75 f.n. 5: There is no mention in Sorensen's Index to the Mahabharata of 'Adrija' used as the name of a tribe.

603. V.3.117 :पर्श्वादियौधेयादिभ्योअणञौ ।

604. (Zy.) 1 , p. 103.

605. IV. I. 178 : न प्राच्यभर्गादियौधेयदिम्य: ।

606. Arthasastra, Ed. R. Shamasastri, 11,35, p. 142; see also f.n.4.

607. XIV, 28. p. 122: n VI, 161

गंधारयशोवति हेमतालराजन्यखचरागव्याश्च ।

यौधेयदासमेया: श्यामाका: क्षेमाधुर्ताश्च ।।

608.XVI.22, p.133

त्रैगर्तपौखाम्बष्ठपारता वाटधानयौधेया: ।

सरस्वतार्जुनायनमत्स्यार्द्धाग्रामराष्ट्राणि ।।

609. साहित्यदर्पण, टीकाकार, सत्यव्रतसिंह VI,151

यौधेयनागरिकादीनां दाक्षिणात्या ही दिव्यताम् ।

610. R.K. Mookerji, Ag. p.25; for the diagram see: M.K. Sharan, Sg. p. 131.

611. Bearging the Brahml legend "यौधेयगणस्य जय:"

612. Buddha Prakash, (Zy.) 1 , p. 104.

613. M.K. Sharan, Sg. pp. 90-91.

614. The reading taken by Sharan and Shobha Mukerji "Yaudheyanam Jayamantra-dharanam" is wrong. It should be "Yaudheyanam Jayamantradharanam" See John Allan, X, Introduction, Page, CLii; Majumdar & Altekar (Ed.) Pg. (edn.) 1967, p.30, note I; Buddha Prakash, op.cit. p. 104.

615. Shobha Mukerji, Lg. p. 69.

616. M.K. Sharan, op.cit., p.82.

617. Ibid., p.83.

618. Ibid., p.82.

619. Bearing the inscription : यौधेयान (नां) जयमंत्रधरा (म्)

620. M.K. Sharan, Sg. pp. 94-95.

621. Ibid., p.95.

622. Xy. p.456, Col. I.

623. R. p. 81.

624. Pg. pp.31-32; M.K. Sharan.Sg. p. 144.

625. Alexander Cunningham, Sz. p. 206.

626. Ibid., p.207.

627. M.K. Sharan, Sg. pp. 133-46.

628. Ibid., pp.96-97: It should be the goddess 'Śāṣṭhī' also known as

Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions 199

Devasenā, the consort of Karttikeya. Even on a certain type of coins, the figure presumed to be of the six-headed Krttika, J.N. Banerjea had interpreted it to be the figure of a goddess Laksmi with aureole round her head, as quoted by Sharan himself.

629. S.K. Chatterjee, Bharata Mein Arya Aura Anarya, p. 98.

630. Harshacharita (Niranayasagara edn. 1897) p.213; Yz. p.34.

631. J.C. Naranga,Yz. p.34.

632. A.S. Altekar, (Kz) 2 (edn. 1972) p. 112.

633. A.L. Basham, Qg. p.98

End of Chapter Conclusion II

Back to Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions