Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India/Index of Contents
| Wikified by:Laxman Burdak, IFS (Retd.), Jaipur |
(The History of the Indigenous people of India Vol. 2),
Publisher - M/S Originals (an imprint of low priced publications), A-6, Nimri commercial Centre, Near Ashok Vihar, Phase-IV, Delhi-110052. ISBN 81-7536-287-1
Index of Contents
| Contents | Page |
|---|---|
| 1. The Mythical Origin of the Naga Race. | 1 |
| The Mahabharat. | 1 |
| Takshila, the Original Seat of Nagas. | 4 |
| Serpent Worship in Iran. | 6 |
| Origin of Naga Worship in Western Asia. | 9 |
| The Serpent Worship in Babylon, Sumer and Akkad | 13 |
| The Serpent Worship in Egypt | 14 |
| The Serpent Worship in Greece | 14 |
| Summary and Conclusion | 16 |
| References | 17. |
| 2. The Expansion of Serpent worship and Naga Race in India | 19 |
| Kashmir. | 19 |
| Himachal Pradesh. | 20 |
| The North-Eastern region. | 21 |
| The Naga tribes of Manipur. | 22 |
| The Khasi Nagas. | 23 |
| Takshila and Panjab. | 27 |
| Rajasthan | 27 |
| Kathiavar or Sourashtra. | 28 |
| Maharashtra and Vidarbha. | 29 |
| South India. | 30 |
| The Expansion of Chera (Sera), Nevar, Kirita Nagas in India. | 32 |
| Summary and Conclusion. | 34 |
| References. | 35. |
| 3. The Megalithic culture,its Origin and Expansion in India | 38' |
| The Megaliths. | 38 |
| The Origin. | 38 |
| The Theory of Central Asian origin. | 39 |
| Allchin's Theory. | 39 |
| Leshnik's theory. | 39 |
| The Revocation of Central Asian Theory by Gupta. | 40 |
| The Theory of Persian Gulf, Yemen and Arab. | 40 |
| The Theory of Mediterranean Sea Board. | 41 |
| The Causative Factors of Increasing of Trade Activities. | 42 |
| Deporting of the Israelite to Mesopotamia. | 42 |
| The Discovery of Iron in Asia-Minor, | 43 |
| Trade relations of India with Assyria and other Countries of Western Asia. | 43 |
| Evidence of Trade relations with the South India. | 44 |
| The theory of Diffusion of Megaliths in India. | 46 |
| The Chronology. | 47 |
| The Expansion of Iron and Megaliths in India. | 48 |
| Summary and Conclusion. | 50 |
| References, | 52. |
| 4.The Civilizations of the Dark Age and Megalithic culture; An Archaeological Review. | 55 |
| The Sequence of the Cultures in India. | 55 |
| The Indus Valley. | 55 |
| Sequence of Cultures in Northern India. | 56 |
| The South and the Central Indian Cultures of Chalcolithic. Age (Ahar, Kayatha, Malava). | 57 |
| The Jorve Culture. | 58 |
| The Neolithic Chalcolithic Culture in Eastern India. | 58 |
| The Megalithic Culture. | 59 |
| The mode of Disposal of Dead, Aryan and non-Aryan. | 59 |
| The Aryans not Builders. | 60 |
| Etymology. | 61 |
| Type of Megaliths. | 62 |
| Pit Burials. | 62 |
| Cist Burials. | 62, |
| Square and rectangular cists without slab projections. | 63 |
| Oblong cists. | 63 |
| Svastika Patterned cists, Transepted cists | 63 |
| Dolmenoid cists. | 63 |
| Rock-cut Chambers. | 63 |
| Sarcophagus burial. | 64 |
| Urn burials. | 64 |
| Protective and Memorial Markings. | 64 |
| Stone circles. | 64 |
| Slab circles. | 64 |
| Cairn Burials,Dolmens, Menhirs and anthropomorphlic representations, The Evolution and the Distribution of main centres of Megaliths in India. | 65 |
| Kashmir and Swat valley. | 66 |
| Were the Cemeteries of Swat Valley Aryans ? | 67 |
| South-Eastern Region of Uttar Pradesh (Vindhya). | 68 |
| Kakoria. | 68 |
| Kotia. | 69 |
| The Megalithic sites of Southern India. | 70 |
| Brahmagiri. | 70 |
| The Rouletted wares (Andhra-Satavahana Age Wares). | 71 |
| Halingali. | 71 |
| The Hallur Culture. | 72 |
| The Environment. | 72 |
| Payampalli. | 73 |
| Nagarjun Konda. | 74 |
| Adichanallur. | 74 |
| Sites in Maharashtra (Vidarbha) Kaundinyapur, Mahurjhari. | 74 |
| Khapa. | 75 |
| Takalghat. | 75 |
| Paunar. | 76 |
| The Cultural unity of Eran and Malhar from early Megalithic-Period to |Historical Period. | 76 |
| The cultural unity in Vidarbha from Megalithic to the Satavahana Age. | 79 |
| The Economic life and Agro-Industrial setup. | 80 |
| The Evolution of Megalithic tradition into the Buddhist Stupa Tradition. | 82 |
| Megalithic a Naga Culture. | 83 |
| Summary and Conclusion. | 84 |
| References. | 86 |
| 5. The Origin of the Naga culture in the, Western Asia and its Transfer to Indus Valley | 90 |
| Arrival of Sumerians and Semites in Mesopotamia. | 90 |
| Invasion of the Semites or Hyksos on Egypt. | 92 |
| Dates of Invasion of Hyksos and their Sun Deity Baal. | 93 |
| The Origin of the Cult of Mother Goddess and Matriarchal form of Family. | 95 |
| Matriarchal Families Among the Semites. | 96 |
| Matriarchal Society in Egypt | 97 |
| Crete Island and the Cult of Mother Goddess. | 99 |
| Mother Goddess; the real lord of Royal Wealth and Revenue | 100 |
| The Cult of Mother Goddess in Indus Valley and Matriarchal System. | 101 |
| The Patriarchal form of families among the Aryans. | 102 |
| The Matriarchal Inheritance among the Nagas and non-Aryan Tribes. | 102 |
| The Ikshwakus of Kausal and Kashi, a Matriarchal family | 103 |
| Satavahana a Matriarchal family | 104 |
| The Ikshwakus of Sriparvata, Matriarchal family | 105 |
| The Khasi Naga of Assam, a Matriarchal Tribes. | 105 |
| Causes of Rise and Fall of Matriarchal tradition. | 106, |
| God-King or Raj-Rishi Tradition in Sumer | 107 |
| Development of the System | 108 |
| The National kingdom or Republic Confederacy in Sumer | 109 |
| City-States and God-kings in Indus Valley | 109 |
| God-Kings Tradition in later Indus Valley Period L09 Social system in Sumer; three classes. | 111 |
| Common-man Warrior. | 112 |
| King's Public Assemblies | 112 |
| Buddhist and Jain Religions, Indigenous | 113 |
| The Ikshwakus, Dravidians of Naga Race. | 114 |
| Homogeneity in Iranian and Indian Cultures. | 115 |
| Summary and Conclusion. | 117 |
| References. | 119 |
| 6. The Sanghas or Republics in India. | 124 |
| Types of Sangha. | 124 |
| Tribal origin. | 125 |
| Transfer of the Guild System from Western Asia. | 126 |
| Crafts and Trade Establishments in the Indus Valley | 126 |
| Evolution from Family to Clan | 128, |
| The Republican Confederacy | 129, |
| Type of Republics in Sanskrit Scripture. | 130, |
| Kulikas or kings as the Members of Assemblies or Republican Confederacies. | 132 |
| How the Chiefs were Elected ? | 133 |
| Characteristics of Sangha or Republic System. | 133 |
| The Citizen's Army or Nation-in-Arms. | 133 |
| The Wealthy Guilds. | 134, |
| Moral Assets. | 135 |
| Principle of Equality and Casteless Society | 135 |
| The Non-Aryan Origin of Republicans. | 137 |
| Fundamental Principle of Equal Distribution of Rashtri or Gana-Bhumi | 140 |
| The Origin and History of some of the Important Republics or Sangha. | 142 |
| The Sanghas or Republics in North East of Gangatic Valley. | 143 |
| The Sanghas or Republics of North and West Region. | 143 |
| The Takshak or Taka (Vahika) of Panjab. | 144 |
| The History | 144 |
| The Bharsiva Naga Royal family of Padmavati a Taka family. | 147 |
| The inscriptions. | 148 |
| The Expansion of the Taka Naga Rulers and their different Branches. | 149 |
| The Modern off shoot of Takshakas. | 150 |
| History of weaving, dyeing and Printing technology | 151 |
| Weaving and Dyeing Industry in Indus valley | 152 |
| Enhancement in General Demand of Clothing and flourishing of Guilds. | 152 |
| Etymology | 154 |
| The language (Taka or Takshali) | 156 |
| The Script, Takari (Munde or Lande) | 156 |
| The Coins. | 157 |
| The Lichchhavis of Vaisali. | 161 |
| The Sakyas. | 164 |
| The Art of silpa and use of Arms compulsory for Sakya youths. | 165 |
| Supremacy or rule of Head of the clan. | 166 |
| The Madras | 167 |
| The Kamboja. | 168 |
| The Kshudrakas and Malavas. | 168 |
| The Ambasthas and Agrasenis. | 169 |
| Patala. | 170 |
| The Glory of Sangha culture. | 171 |
| How the strongest and the best system was destroyed. | 173 |
| Summary and Conclusion. | 174 |
| References. | 177 |
| 7. Pishachi, the Mother of Pali, Prakrit and Maharashtri | 184 |
| Pishachi an Aryan Language, view point of Grierson | 184 |
| Revoking of the Viewpoint of George Grierson | 186 |
| Sanskrit,an Aryan Language of Literature only | 187 |
| Prakrit and Pali Languages of Natives. | 187 |
| The origin. | 188 |
| Two groups of Languages in North India | 188 |
| The Concluding Theory of George Grierson | 189 |
| The Evolution from Pishachi to Prakrit and its Relation with the Dravidian Languages. | 190 |
| The Various Branches of Prakrit Language. | 191 |
| Grammarian Vararuchi. | 191 |
| The Literature | 193 |
| Magadhi Prakrit | 192 |
| Maharashtri and other Prakrit Languages | 192 |
| The Principle of Lyavant in Pishachi Languages | 196 |
| Summary and Conclusion | 199 |
| References | 201 |
| 8. Who were the Nagas ? Their Ethnical identity | 204 |
| Buddhist Stupas direct Descendant of the Megaliths | 204 |
| Examination of Bas-reliefs and statues of Buddhist Stupas of Amaravati and Sanchi | 205 |
| The Anthropological Evidences | 207 |
| The Ethnical Relation of People of Brahmagiri and Alpines of Harappan Cemeteries H and G | 210 |
| Revoking of theory of Kappers and S. S. Sarkar; pitfall of Anthropology. | 216 |
| The Physical Type; A meaningless concept | 218 |
| Was Naga Race of Turanian origin? | 219 |
| Was Scythian Tribe, Serpent Worshipper? | 220 |
| Summary and Conclusion | 221 |
| References | 224 |
| 9. The Black and Red ware culture, its relation with the Yadavas and the Naga Race | 226 |
| The totemistic tradition among the Aboriginal Tribes | 226 |
| Serpent totem and Naga Race | 227 |
| The Harappan Civilization and Cult of Naga Worship. | 228 |
| Description of Nagas or Serpents in Vedas | 229 |
| The Rigveda. | 229 |
| The Atharva-Veda | 230 |
| The Black and Red Ware Culture and its Relation with the Western Asia. | 230 |
| The Distribution of the Culture | 231 |
| Foreign Element in Band R Ware culture and Presence of Iron | 233 |
| The Black and Red Ware Culture at Ahar and its Relation with the Western Asia | 233 |
| Alpine Race original Inhabitant of Western Asia | 235 |
| The movement of Alpine Race from the West | 236 |
| Identification of Alpine Race as Yadus etc | 237 |
| The Excavation of Prabhas-Patan, its Relation with the Puranic Tradition and Yadavas | 238 |
| Hostility of Yadavas and Aryans, Rigvedic Evidence | 239 |
| The Racial Type; Ethnical Identification | 240 |
| Evidence of Horse and Association of Yadavas with Kathiavar | 241 |
| The Yadava a Naga Race | 242 |
| Genealogy of Chandra Bansha | 242 |
| Summary and Conclusion. | 245 |
| References. | 247 |
| 10. The Downfall of Vedic Culture and Rise of Shraman Naga Culture | 250 |
| The Racial distribution of the people in Ancient India (1600 BC-500BC) | 250 |
| Last Longer conflict Between the Aryans and the non-Aryan | 252 |
| Decline of the Vedic Culture | 255 |
| Decline of the Power of Aryan Kshatriyas | 255 |
| The Revival of Naga Power (1100-500) | 256 |
| The Development of Shraman Culture | 256 |
| Neminath and Parashwanath | 257 |
| Buddha and Mahabira | 259 |
| The Movement of Nagas from Takshila towards Hastinapur in terms of Archaeology | 260 |
| Relation of Kurus and Nagas | 262 |
| The Rise of Nagas and Capture of Hastinapur, Kashi and Videha. | 262 |
| The kingdom of Ahichchhatra its Capture by the Nagas of Jain Tradition | 263 |
| Visvamitra and Rajrishi Tradition in Indigenous Culture | 265 |
| The Revolution and Change of Power in Magadha. | 270 |
| Summary and Conclusion. | 272 |
| References | 274 |
| 11. The Satavahanas and the other Naga rulers of South | 278 |
| The Andhra or Satavahana | 278 |
| Etymology of the Word Satavahana | 278 |
| Legend of Birth of Salivahana. | 281 |
| The original home of the Race of the Satavahana | 282 |
| The Origin of Power (beginning of Rule). | 283 |
| Andhra Vellari | 284 |
| Venakataka and Vidarbha | 285 |
| Close Relation of Satavahana and Vidarbha. | 286 |
| Findings of Forts. | 287 |
| The Western Region or Maharashtra, Paithan | 288 |
| Andhra Valley | 289 |
| Original Founder of the Satavahana Rule | 290 |
| Relation between the Satavahanas and the Megalithic Culture | 293 |
| Pedigree and Chronology | 294 |
| Non-Aryan Origin | 296 |
| Matriarchal System | 296 |
| Evidence of Coins. | 297 |
| The Evidence of Inscriptions and Literature | 297 |
| Gana state or Tribal republic state | 298 |
| Were the Satavahanas Brahmans ? | 301 |
| Satavahana; a Maharathi Nag Family | 302 |
| The Satavahanas; Maharathi and Mahabhoja, their two components | 303 |
| The Ikshwakus of Sriparvata | 304. |
| Ikshwaku a non-Aryan Royal Family | 307 |
| The Naga Rulers of South India | 309 |
| The Cholas. | 310 |
| The Pallavas | 311 |
| The Kadambas | 311 |
| The Ratta Nagas of South | 313 |
| The Chalukyas | 314 |
| Kashyapa Gotra | 315 |
| Manavya Gotra | 316 |
| Cultural Homogeneity and Cult of Mother Goddess (Bhumata) or Haritimata among the Nagas. | 317 |
| Were Haritiputra, Manavya Gotri, Chutus, Kadarnbas, Chalukyas, Vedic Aryan Brahmans ? | 319 |
| Summary and Conclusion | 322 |
| References | 324 |
| 12. The Naga Rulers of the North and Central India | 330 |
| Nagas of Vidisa | 330 |
| The Nava Naga or Bharsiva | 332 |
| Re-establishment of Nagas | 333 |
| Bharasivas Rise at Kantipuri | 333 |
| Bharsivas of Padmavati; A Confederacy of Naga Rulers of North. | 334 |
| An Invincible and Prosperous Confederacy | 335 |
| Padmavati; The capital of Bharsivas | 336 |
| Virasena | 337 |
| Bhava Naga | 337 |
| The Vakatakas | 338 |
| Were Vakatakas Aryan Brahmans ? | 339 |
| The Theory of [[Jayaswal | 339 |
| Revoking of the Theory of Jayaswal by V. V. Mirashi | 340 |
| The Vakatakas Taka Nagas Origin | 342 |
| Glory of Taka Royal Family and tradition of using Family Name with the Names of Places etc as Suffix or Prefix | 343 |
| Haritiputra | 346 |
| Homogeneity of the coins of Bharsiva Naga and Vakatakas | 346 |
| The Gupta Royal Family, a Native Naga Origion | 349 |
| The Bhojas | 351 |
| Confederacy of Yaudheya, Kuninda and Arjuneya Republics | 351 |
| The Gonanda Dynasty of Kashmir and Meghavahana | 352 |
| The Karkotas of Kashmir (625-885AD) | 354 |
| The origin | 354 |
| The Pedigree. | 355 |
| Lalitaditya. | 356 |
| Campaign in Central Asia. | 357 |
| Death of Lalita-ditya | 358 |
| The Naga Kings of Kalinga and Mahakausala. | 358 |
| The Rashtrakutas, their Origin. | 360 |
| Summary and Conclusion. | 360 |
| References. | 362 |
| 13. The Guild Based trade and Industry during the Megalithic and Buddhist Age | 368 |
| Discovery of Iron and Development of its Technology in Asia Minor; Beginning of Iron Age in India | 368 |
| Craft Guilds or Guild Based Occupations | 369 |
| Craft Guilds in the North | 370 |
| Craft Guilds in the South. | 371 |
| Local and Foreign Trade | 372 |
| Wealthy Merchants and Bankers | 373 |
| The Sarthavaha or Carvaneers | 374 |
| The Banik Traders a non-Aryan Naga Race. | 374 |
| The Pani in the Rigveda. | 374 |
| The Bal deity. | 376 |
| The Agrasreni or Agraseni and Alexander | 377 |
| Excavation of Agroha | 378 |
| The Banik, a Naga Race. | 379 |
| The Urbanization. | 380 |
| The Glorious Achievements of Naga Culture. | 382 |
| Summary and Conclusion. | 384 |
| References. | 385 |
| 14. The Megalithic Culture, its Relation with the Buddhism and Naga Race. | 388 |
| Spreading of Buddhism in Vidarbha During the Life lime of Buddha. | 388 |
| Tooth Relics of Buddha and Nag Bhumi. | 390 |
| Nagpur Region; The Original Nagbhumi | 393 |
| The Excavation of Stupa of Pauni and its Relation with the Band R Ware Culture. | 394 |
| Relation of Nagas with the Buddhist Stupas. | 397 |
| The fall of Buddhism in Maharashtra. | 399 |
| Summary and Conclusion. | 399 |
| References. | 401 |
| 15. The Ethnical Identity of People ofMaharashtra during the Historical Period and their Relations with the Naga Race. | 403 |
| Etymology of the Words "Maharashtra" and "Rashtri". | 404 |
| Ethnical Indentity of Rashtrika and Pctrinika with the Mahar Nagas | 405 |
| The Ethnical Indentity of Mahar or Rattha Naga with the Marathas. | 407 |
| Nava Nagas | 407 |
| The Satavahana Age. | 407 |
| The Muslim Period. | 410 |
| The British Period, | 410 |
| The Expansion of Nagas and Mahars in the South | 410 |
| The Aryanization. | 411 |
| Hiranya Garbha Ceremony. | 412 |
| Incident of Coronation of Shivaji. | 413 |
| Summary and Conclusion. | 413 |
| References. | 414 |
| Epilogue. | 417 |
| Selected Bibliography. | 422 |
| Original text Books. | 422 |
| List of Journals. 423, | |
| Modern Works | 424 |
| General Index | 433 |
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