Yayati

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Yayati (ययाति) was a Puranic king and the son of king Nahusha. He was a great scholar of Vedas. He had two wives, Devyani and Sharmishtha. Devyani was the daughter of Shukracharya, the priest of Asuras. Sharmishtha was the daughter of the Demon King Vrishparva. Sharmishtha was a friend and servant of Devyani.

Yayati dynasty

Yayati got two sons from Devyani –

Yayati also got three sons from Sharmishtha –

The descendants of Yadu are called Yadavvanshi in which was born Krishna, the founder of Jat sangha.

Genealogical tables of Yayati dynasty are reproduced below from “Todd’s Rajasthan based on Agni Puran.[2]

YAYATI DYNASTY


Yayati
|
Yadu — Turvasu — Puru — Druhyu — Anu

Druhya and Anu are not prominently mentioned in the Puranas. At places they are not mentioned at all.


Swami Omanand Sarswati writes: ययाति के पांच पुत्र हुए, जो सबके सब श्रेष्ठ राजर्षि थे । उनमें महातेजस्वी तथा शक्तिशाली पुत्र यदु थे और सबसे छोटे पुत्र का नाम पुरु था, जिन्होंने हमारे इस वंश की वृद्धि की है । वे वृषपर्वा की पुत्री शर्मिष्ठा के गर्भ से उत्पन्न हुये थे ।


यदु देवयानी के पुत्र थे और महातेजस्वी शुक्राचार्य के दौहित्र थे । वे यदुवंश के प्रवर्तक थे, वे मन्दबुद्धि और बड़े अभिमानी थे, उन्होंने समस्त क्षत्रियों का अपमान किया था । वे अपने पिता वा भाइयों का भी अपमान करते थे, इसलिए इनके पिता ययाति ने कुपित होकर इन्हें राज्य से भी वञ्चित कर दिया था । यदु के जिन भाइयों ने उनका साथ दिया था, ययाति ने उन अन्य पुत्रों को भी राज्याधिकार से वञ्चित कर दिया ।


यवीयांसं ततः पूरुं पुत्रं स्ववशर्त्तिनम् ।

राज्ये निवेशयामास विधेयं नृपसत्तमः ॥

एवं ज्येष्ठोऽप्यथोत्सिक्तो न राज्यमभिज्ञायते ।

यवीयांसोऽपि जायन्ते राज्यं वृद्धोपसेवया ॥१२-१३॥

तदनन्तर अपने अधीन रहने वाले आज्ञापालक छोटे पुत्र पुरु को नृप श्रेष्ठ ययाति ने राजगद्दी पर बिठाया । इससे यह सिद्ध है कि ज्येष्ठ पुत्र भी यदि अहंकारी हो तो उसे राज्य की प्राप्ति नहीं होती और छोटे पुत्र भी वृद्ध पुरुषों की सेवा करने से राज्य पाने के अधिकारी हो जाते हैं ।


इस प्रकार पुरु से कौरव पाण्डवों का वंश चला है । यदु से योगिराज श्रीकृष्ण जी आदि का वंश चला है । ययाति के एक पुत्र अनु से अनेक प्रसिद्ध गणराज्यों का वंश चला है ।[3]


Yadu

Yadu was banished from ruling and had become rebel who first started ruling in outskirts of India and then intruded the mainland. The jambudwepa referred in scriptures is believed to be in memory of these islands. The regions where the Yadu clan settled is not certain, but certain scholars suggest that Yadu clan inherited the territories to the south-west of the Gangetic plains, between the Chambal River, Betwa and Ken, which correspond to the border areas of present Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Descendants of yadu were called Yadavavanshi. Krishna was born in this vansha.

Many historians consider the origin of Jats from Yadu.

  • Thakur Deshraj has mentioned [4]with reference to Pandit Lekhram Arya who says in 'Risalajihad' that word Jat has derived from Yadu as under.[5]
Yadu(यदु) → Jadu(जदु) → Jādu(जादु) → Jād(जाद) → Jāt(जात) → Jāt(जाट)
  • James Todd [6]and Wilson have also supported this theory.
  • Mr Neshfield, a renowned Indologist, says that "The word Jat is nothing more than the modern Hindi pronunciation of Yadu or Jadu, the tribe in which Krishna was born.
  • The Sinsinwar Jat rulers of Bharatpur have been recorded as Yadavavanshi, the descendants of Krishna by Prakash Chandra Chandawat. [7]
तीन जाति जादव की, अंधक, विस्‍नी, भोज ।
तीन भांति तेई भये, तै फिर तिनही षोज ।।
पूर्व जनम ते जादव विस्‍नी ।
तेई प्रकटे आइ सिनसिनी ।।
  • Jat historian Bhaleram Beniwal has written after recent researches with evidences in his book "Jāton kā Ādikālīn Itihās" [12]that Krishna was by all evidences nothing other than Jat. He has mentioned the above refered evidences in addition to the following authors which mention Krishna as Jats. These are Yogendrapal Shastri[13], Motilal Gupta [14] Walter Hamilton[15].
  • The Muslim contries have a notion that Jats are the ancestors of Yadavas. The Arabian traveller Al-Biruni has mentioned that Lord Krishna was a Jat. [16]
  • Dr Natthan Singh has also mentioned the theory of origin of Jats from Yadu. Yadu was banished from ruling by Yayati for not obeying him and made his other son Puru as king. Yadu had become rebel who first started ruling in outskirts of India in south-west border areas. Slowly he gained strength by forming a federation of Shaka, Pallava, Parad, Yavan and Kamboja tribes. The king Sagar failed his these attempts and suppressed them. In order to avoid confrontation with Sagar, the Yaduvanshis came to Sursena area (Mathura). Here he again formed a federation of 18 tribes. One of thse tribe was vrishni in which Krishna was born. Many historians connect Jats with these Yadus. Looking to similar physical features, food habits, life and culture both Jats and Yaduvanshis can be treated belonging to same caste.[17]

Turvasu

Turvasu is considered to be the originator of Tomar gotra people.

According to James Todd[18] One great arm of the tree of Yayati remains unnoticed, that of Uru or Urvasu, written by others Turvasu. Uru was the father of a line of kings who founded several empires. Virupa, the eighth prince from Uru, had eight sons, two of whom are particularly mentioned as sending forth two grand shoots, Druhyu and Bhabru. From Druhyu a dynasty was established in the north. Aradwat, with his son Gandhara, is stated to have founded a State : Prachetas is said to have become king of Mlecchhades, or the barbarous regions. This line terminated with Dushyanta, the husband of the celebrated Sakuntala, father of Bharat, and who, labouring under the displeasure of some offended deity, is said by the Hindus to have been the cause of all the woes which subsequenty befell the race. The four grandsons of Dushyanta, Kalanjar, Keral, Pand, and Chaul, gave their names to countries.

Puru

The descendants of Puru included the famous Kauravas and Pandavas of Mahabharata.

The Purus are tribe or a confederation of tribes mentioned in the Rigveda. RV 7.96.2 locates them at the banks of the Sarasvati River. They were defeated by king Sudas at the Battle of the Ten Kings. The descendants of Puru were called Pauravas. The Pauravas was the name given to the many petty kingdoms and tribes of ancient northwest India in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. The Pauravas were all situated on or near the Indus river where their monarchs grew rich and prosperous through trade. The Persian kings Darius and Xerxes claimed suzerainty over many of the Pauravas, but this claim was loose at best. The most powerful tribes, the Ambhi and Porus, were cowed by the Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great in 326 BCE, but he did not go on to conquer the entire area because his army simply refused to go any further. The region was eventually absorbed into the Mauryan Empire.

Druhyu

The Druhyus were a people of Ancient India. They are already mentioned in the Rigveda.[19] They lived in the Ghandara region. They were often considered to be Dasyus.

The Puranas say that they moved north and west, and then settled in Gandhara, Aratta (northwest Punjab) and Setu. (VP IV.17) The Druhyus were driven out of the land of the seven rivers by Mandhatr and their next king Ghandara settled in a north-western region which became known as Ghandara. The sons of the later Druhyu king Pracetas finally migrate to the region north of Afghanistan.( Bhagavata 9.23.15-16; Visnu 4.17.5; Vayu 99.11-12; Brahmanda 3.74.11-12 and Marsya 48.9.)

Some scholars say they could be related to Zoroastrian, Iranian, Greek or European peoples.

They were probably a north-western people[20]. In the Hindu epics, they are connected with Ghandara.[21]

Anu

Anu In Sumerian mythology and later for Assyrians and Babylonians, Anu (also An; 𒀭) was a sky-god, the god of heaven, lord of constellations, king of gods, spirits and demons, and dwelt in the highest heavenly regions. It was believed that he had the power to judge those who had committed crimes, and that he had created the stars as soldiers to destroy the wicked. He was the father of the Anunnaku (also spelled Anunnaki).

He was the oldest god in the Sumerian pantheon, and part of a triad including Enlil, god of the sky and Enki, god of water. He was called Anu by the Akkadians, rulers of Mesopotamia after the conquest of Sumer in 2334 BCE by King Sargon of Akkad. By virtue of being the first figure in a triad consisting of Anu, Bel and Ea, Anu came to be regarded as the father and at first, king of the gods. Anu is so prominently associated with the city of Uruk, Biblical Erech in southern Babylonia that there are good reasons for believing this place to have been the original seat of the Anu cult. If this be correct, then the goddess Inanna (or Ishtar) of Uruk may at one time have been his consort.

According to the Earth Chronicles series by Zecharia Sitchin, the wife of Anu was a fertility goddess and the mother of the gods; her cult was centered in Munster. However, Anu was one of the Anunnaki who came from the planet Nibiru (Marduk). According to Sitchin's theories on Sumerian legend and lore, the Anunnaki arrived first on Earth probably 400,000 years ago, looking for minerals, especially gold, which they found and mined in Africa.

Story of Yayati

One day as Devyani and Sharmishtha along with the hoard of servants were amusing themselves in a park, King Yayati happened to pass by. Devyani had been secretly in love with Yayati as he had once rescued her from a dry well. Devyani and Sharmishtha introduced themselves to him and Devyani confessed to being in love with him and asked him to marry her. Yayati said, "Unless your father gives you to me in marriage I will not accept you as my wife." Shukracharya gave in to his daughter's request and agreed to give her away in marriage to King Yayati. As dowry he gave away Sharmishtha. He however warned Yayati that he should never let Sharmishtha share his bed.

Sharmishtha was given a place to live in a shaded glade called Ashok Vatika. One day Yayati happened to pass by Ashok Vatika where Sharmishtha lived. Seeing him, Sharmishtha confessed that she too was in love with the king and wanted him to marry her. She told him that she belonged to a royal family and Yayati could marry her. Yayti agreed and they wed in secret. They continued to meet and hid the fact from Devyani that they were married.

When Devyani came to know about the relationship of Yayati and Sharmishtha and their three sons she felt shocked and betrayed. Devyani went away to her father's house. Shukracharya was displeased with the king, and cursed that he would lose his youth and become an old man immediately.

As soon as Shukracharya uttered his curse Yayati became an old man. Shukracharya also said that his curse once uttered could not be taken back and added that the only concession he could give was that if Yayati wanted he could give his old age to someone and take their youth from them. Yayati was relieved at the reprieve he was given and confident that his sons would willingly exchange their youth with him. Yayati went back to his kingdom. Yayati requested all his five sons one by one to give their youth to him to enjoy the worldly happiness. All the sons except Puru rejected his demand. So Yayati took the youth of Puru and enjoyed all the subjects. Puru became the successor King of Yayati.

Mention by Panini

Yayatika (यायातिक) is mentioned by Panini in Ashtadhyayi. [22]

Association with present Jat gotras

Ram Sarup Joon[23] writes ... Many names in the Genealogical tables of Yayati are associated with present Jat gotras. Some examples are Ushinar, Shishu Bhadra, Tak or Takshak, Satoti, Krishan or Kushana from the Yadhu branch; Dushyanta, Bharat, Bhardwaja, Hasti, Ajmirh, Kaushik, Gadh and Vishwamitra of Puru branch; Seth, Arh, Gandhi, Gaindhu and Gandhar of the Ardas branch.

Names given in the genealogical tables include only the important personages. Other Jat gotras maybe associated with names not included. It shows that majority of Jats belong to the Yayati dynasty. The five branches of Yayati dominated the whole of Northern India, Central Asia and some European countries. European scholars have known these conquerors as of Yayati dynasty. They are remembered by different names in different countries such as Yayati, Ayati, Yati, Yuti, Yeuchi, Jutes, Jeets, Jati, Gatae, Goth etc.

History of the Jats, End of Page-28


Quite a few names cut of the tables are associated with the area around Haridwar, called Shiv Ki Jata. Buddha married Ikshvaku’s sister Ahilya in this area. Rishi Vishwa Mitra’s son Gadh performed ‘tapasya’ here.


Bhagirath brought the River Ganges into the plains in this area and as legend goes, when Jhanu Rakshash (demon) drank it all, he cut open his thigh and released the Ganga River.


Actually Jhanu is also mentioned in the tables, and, as a ruler, must have opposed or disturbed the project of bringing the Ganga to the plains.


Shiv ji married Sati and Parbati in this area. This is the land where the Yayati dynasty prospered and expanded. The Puru dynasty had their capital in this area. Excavations in the area should lead to important revelations.

Jats the descendants of Yayati

Yatesar (यटेसर) gotra of Jats are descendants of Raja Yayati (ययाति). [24]

Dalip Singh Ahlawat writes that Yayati is the epi-person of Jats. Due to this reason Yayat-Yat-Jat is used for this vansh. In practice we have been calling Jats as Chandravanshi in place of Yayat-Vansh. Many of the Jat Gotras are derived from five sons of Yayati and seven gotras from sons of Virabhadra. [25]


Dalip Singh Ahlawat writes that Yayati was the ruler of Jambudwipa (Asia). The traces of Yayati rule are present historically. There is a place called Jajpur about 10 km from Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, where one finds ruins of ancient fort known as "Yayati ke Kot" means the forts of Yayati. Similarly there is a well near Sambhar lake in Rajasthan known by the name of Devyani ka Kuan in which Devyani was pushed into the well due to enmity and Yayati had rescued her from that dry well.[26]

According to Thakur Deshraj, [27]The Chandravanshi Aryans of India had habitations in Iran which were known as Jatali. Majority of them were gyatiwadi (republics). He has refered General Cunninngham [28]who has mentioned the presence of Yayati Vanshi Jats in Jatali. Yayati was son of Nahusha. This province got the name Jatali being the habitation of Jats. The language of these Jats is Jadgali (alternate names, Jatgali, Jatki, Jat) [29]

Veneration of ancestors

See also: Jathera

Emperor Yayati, who was one of the ancestors of the Pandavas, venerated his ancestors with intense devotion.[30]

ययातिपुर

विजयेन्द्र कुमार माथुर[31] ने लेख किया है ...ययातिपुर (AS, p.770) कानपुर, उत्तर प्रदेश से 3 मील की दूरी पर है। राजा ययाति के क़िले के अवशेष जाजमऊ की प्राचीनता के द्योतक हैं। किंतु श्री नं० ला० डे के अनुसार यह क़िला राजा जीजत का बनवाया हुआ है। जीजत चंदेलों का पूर्वज था। कानपुर की प्रसिद्धि के पूर्व जाजमऊ इस क्षेत्र का महत्वपूर्ण नगर था।

जाटों का शासन

दलीप सिंह अहलावत[32] ने लिखा है.... ययाति महाराज जम्बूद्वीप के सम्राट् थे। जम्बूद्वीप आज का एशिया समझो। यह मंगोलिया से सीरिया तक और साइबेरिया से भारतवर्ष शामिल करके था। इसके बीच के सब देश शामिल करके जम्बूद्वीप कहलाता था। कानपुर से तीन मील पर जाजपुर स्थान के किले का ध्वंसावशेष आज भी ‘ययाति के कोट’ नाम पर प्रसिद्ध है। राजस्थान में सांभर झील के पास एक ‘देवयानी’ नामक कुंवा है जिसमें शर्मिष्ठा ने वैरवश देवयानी को धकेल दिया था, जिसको ययाति ने बाहर निकाल लिया था[33]। इस प्रकार ययाति राज्य के चिह्न आज भी विद्यमान हैं।

महाराजा ययाति का पुत्र पुरु अपने पिता का सेवक व आज्ञाकारी था, इसी कारण ययाति ने पुरु को राज्य भार दिया। परन्तु शेष पुत्रों को भी राज्य से वंचित न रखा। वह बंटवारा इस प्रकार था -

1. यदु को दक्षिण का भाग (जिसमें हिमाचल प्रदेश, पंजाब, हरयाणा, राजस्थान, दिल्ली तथा इन प्रान्तों से लगा उत्तर प्रदेश, गुजरात एवं कच्छ हैं)।

2. तुर्वसु को पश्चिम का भाग (जिसमें आज पाकिस्तान, अफगानिस्तान, ईरान, इराक, सऊदी अरब,यमन, इथियोपिया, केन्या, सूडान, मिश्र, लिबिया, अल्जीरिया, तुर्की, यूनान हैं)।

3. द्रुहयु को दक्षिण पूर्व का भाग दिया।

4. अनु को उत्तर का भाग (इसमें उत्तरदिग्वाची[34] सभी देश हैं) दिया। आज के हिमालय पर्वत से लेकर उत्तर में चीन, मंगोलिया, रूस, साइबेरिया, उत्तरी ध्रुव आदि सभी इस में हैं।

5. पुरु को सम्राट् पद पर अभिषेक कर, बड़े भाइयों को उसके अधीन रखकर ययाति वन में चला गया[35]। यदु से यादव क्षत्रिय उत्पन्न हुए। तुर्वसु की सन्तान यवन कहलाई। द्रुहयु के पुत्र भोज नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुए। अनु से म्लेच्छ जातियां उत्पन्न हुईं। पुरु से पौरव वंश चला[36]।

जब हम जाटों की प्राचीन निवास भूमि का वर्णन पढते हैं तो कुभा (काबुल) और कृमि (कुर्रम) नदी उसकी पच्छिमी सीमायें, तिब्बत की पर्वतमाला पूर्वी सीमा, जगजार्टिस और अक्सस नदी

जाट वीरों का इतिहास: दलीप सिंह अहलावत, पृष्ठान्त-185

उत्तरी सीमा और नर्मदा नदी दक्षिणी सीमा बनाती है। वास्तव में यह देश उन आर्यों का है जो चन्द्रवंशी अथवा यदु, द्रुहयु, तुर्वसु, कुरु और पुरु कहलाते थे। भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण के सिद्धान्तों को इनमें से प्रायः सभी ने अपना लिया था। अतः समय अनुसार वे सब जाट कहलाने लग गये। इन सभी खानदानों की पुराणों ने स्पष्ट और अस्पष्ट निन्दा ही की है। या तो इन्होंने आरम्भ से ही ब्राह्मणों के बड़प्पन को स्वीकार नहीं किया था या बौद्ध-काल में ये प्रायः सभी बौद्ध हो गये थे। वाह्लीक,तक्षक, कुशान, शिव, मल्ल, क्षुद्रक (शुद्रक), नव आदि सभी खानदान जिनका महाभारत और बौद्धकाल में नाम आता है वे इन्हीं यदु, द्रुहयु, कुरु और पुरुओं के उत्तराधिकारी (शाखायें) हैं[37]।

सम्राट् ययातिपुत्र यदु और यादवों के वंशज जाटों का इस भूमि पर लगभग एक अरब चौरानवें करोड़ वर्ष से शासन है। यदु के वंशज कुछ समय तो यदु के नाम से प्रसिद्ध रहे थे, किन्तु भाषा में ‘य’ को ‘ज’ बोले जाने के कारण जदु-जद्दू-जट्टू-जाट कहलाये। कुछ लोगों ने अपने को ‘यायात’ (ययातेः पुत्राः यायाताः) कहना आरम्भ किया जो ‘जाजात’ दो समानाक्षरों का पास ही में सन्निवेश हो तो एक नष्ट हो जाता है। अतः जात और फिर जाट हुआ। तीसरी शताब्दी में इन यायातों का जापान पर अधिकार था (विश्वकोश नागरी प्र० खं० पृ० 467)। ये ययाति के वंशधर भारत में आदि क्षत्रिय हैं जो आज जाट कहे जाते हैं। भारतीय व्याकरण के अभाव में शुद्धाशुद्ध पर विचार न था। अतः यदोः को यदो ही उच्चारण सुनकर संस्कृत में स्त्रीलिंग के कारण उसे यहुदी कहना आरम्भ किया, जो फिर बदलकर लोकमानस में यहूदी हो गया। यहूदी जन्म से होता है, कर्म से नहीं। यह सिद्धान्त भी भारतीय धारा का है। ईसा स्वयं यहूदी था। वर्त्तमान ईसाई मत यहूदी धर्म का नवीन संस्करण मात्र है। बाइबिल अध्ययन से यह स्पष्ट है कि वह भारतीय संसकारों का अधूरा अनुवाद मात्र है।

अब यह सिद्ध हो गया कि जर्मनी, इंग्लैंण्ड, स्काटलैण्ड, नार्वे, स्वीडन, रूस, चेकोस्लोवाकिया आदि अर्थात् पूरा यूरोप और एशिया के मनुष्य ययाति के पौत्रों का परिवार है। जम्बूद्वीप, जो आज एशिया कहा जाता है, इसके शासक जाट थे[38]।

References

  1. ↑ Genealogy of Yayati
  2. ↑ Ram Sarup Joon: History of the Jats/Chapter II,p.21
  3. ↑ Haryana Ke Vir Youdheya/पंचम अध्याय (Page 173-174)
  4. ↑ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihas (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd edition 1992. Page 85-86
  5. ↑ Parmesh Sharma & Rajpal Shastri: Kshatriyon ka Itihas
  6. ↑ James Todd: Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, 2 Vols., Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1972 (reprint), first published in 1829
  7. ↑ Dr. Prakash Chandra Chandawat: Maharaja Suraj Mal aur unka yug, Jaypal Agencies Agra, 1982
  8. ↑ UN Sharma :Jaton ka Navin Itihas
  9. ↑ Sudan: Sujan-charitra, page-4
  10. ↑ Somnath: Sujanvilas,page 133
  11. ↑ Udayram: Sujan samva
  12. ↑ Bhaleram Beniwal : "Jāton kā Ādikālīn Itihās" (page 26-30), Jaypal Agencies Agra
  13. ↑ Yogendrapal Shastri:Jaton ka utkarsh (page286)
  14. ↑ Motilal Gupta: Matsya Pradesh ki Hindi Sahitya ko den (page214)
  15. ↑ Walter Hamilton: The east India Gazeteer (Vol. 1, page 233)
  16. ↑ Al-Biruni, India:Translated by Kayamuddin, Published by National Book Trust, India, 1997 page-176
  17. ↑ Dr Natthan Singh: Jat - Itihas (Hindi), Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad Gwalior, 2004 (Page31-32
  18. ↑ James Todd Annals/Chapter 4 Foundations of States and Cities by the different tribes, p.52
  19. ↑ e.g. RV 1.108.8; 7.18; 8.10.5; 6.46.8
  20. ↑ Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912, I, 385
  21. ↑ Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912, I, 385
  22. ↑ V. S. Agrawala: India as Known to Panini, 1953, p. 304
  23. ↑ History of the Jats/Chapter II,p. 28-29
  24. ↑ Dr Mahendra Singh Arya etc,: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa, Agra 1998, p. 277
  25. ↑ Dalip Singh Ahlawat: Haihay evam Yadu vansh ke Shakha Gotras, Jat Samaj, August 1995, p. 13
  26. ↑ Dalip Singh Ahlawat: Yadu athawa Jadu, Jadau vansh, Jat Samaj, July 1995, p. 11
  27. ↑ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihasa (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd edition 1992.
  28. ↑ Alexander Cunningham, History of Sikhs
  29. ↑ Language of Jats
  30. ↑ C. Rajagopalachari : Mahabharata (45th edition), page 30.
  31. ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.770
  32. ↑ Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Chapter III, p.185-186
  33. ↑ महाभारत आदिपर्व 78वां अध्याय, श्लोक 1-24.
  34. ↑ ये वे देश हैं जो पाण्डव दिग्विजय में अर्जुन ने उत्तर दिशा के सभी देशों को जीत लिया था। इनका पूर्ण वर्णन महाभारत सभापर्व अध्याय 26-28 में देखो।
  35. ↑ जाट इतिहास पृ० 14-15 लेखक श्रीनिवासाचार्य महाराज ।
  36. ↑ हाभारत आदिपर्व 85वां अध्याय श्लोक 34-35, इन पांच भाइयों की सन्तान शुद्ध क्षत्रिय आर्य थी जिनसे अनेक जाट गोत्र प्रचलित हुए । (लेखक)
  37. ↑ जाट इतिहास (उत्पत्ति और गौरव खण्ड) पृ० 146-47 ले० ठा० देशराज।
  38. ↑ जाट इतिहास पृ० 14-18 लेखक श्रीनिवासाचार्य महाराज ।


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