Nagardhan

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Nagardhan (नगरधन) is town in Ramtek tahsil in Nagpur district of Maharashtra. It was earlier known as Nandivardhana (नन्दिवर्द्धन), which was well-known as an ancient capital of the Vakatakas and is now represented by the village Nandardhan.

Variants

Location

Nagardhan is located 13 km south from Ramtek and 38 km towards East from District head quarters Nagpur. Nagardhan is a Village in Ramtek Taluka in Nagpur District of Maharashtra State, India. It belongs to Vidarbha region . It belongs to Nagpur Division . Nagardhan Pin code is 441106 and postal head office is Ramtek. Chichala ( 3 KM ) , Banpuri ( 4 KM ) , Manapur ( 4 KM ) , Nerla ( 5 KM ) , Satak ( 6 KM ) are the nearby Villages to Nagardhan. [1]

In Indian epics

Bala Kanda Sarga 71 of Ramayana : In which Janaka narrates his lineage while offering his daughters as brides to Rama and Lakshmana:

From Udavasu it is noble souled Nandivardhana took birth, and Nandivardhana's son is named as Suketu, by his name... [1-71-5]
उदावसोः तु धर्मात्मा जातो वै नन्दिवर्धनः । नन्दिवर्धन पुत्रः तु सुकेतुः नाम नामतः ॥१-७१-५॥


Nandivardhana of Kundagrama

Nandivardhana was a Kshatriya King from the Ikshvaku dynasty and the ruler of the Nata, Ainwar (Light), Gyat or Jnatri clan in Kshatriya Kundagrama, a suburb of Vaishali (Basarh in modern-day Bihar).[2] He was the elder brother of Mahavira, the 24th Jain Tirthankara. His father was Siddhartha.[3]

Nagardhan fort

Nagardhan fort

Nagardhan fort is located at 40 km from Nagpur. It was known to be the first capital of the Vakatakas. Lying in the periphery of the city, the ancient town of Nagardhan is best known for the majestic Nagardhan Fort. An imposing complex, this square shaped structure boasts an outer rampart with bastions and an inner wall. The main entrance gate of the fort is on its north-west side and still stands intact. A notable feature of the fort is the Pauni rampart that bears a copper plate grant of King Pravarsena II of the Vakataka dynasty, which indicates that the clay used in the construction of the fort dates back to a period much earlier than the medieval era. Tourists can also visit an underground temple in the fort that houses an idol of Goddess Durga, on what appears to be the sill of a well.

The fort was built by Gond ruler, Bakht Buland, in the early 18th century. It was later occupied by Raghuji Bhonsle I in 1740 AD, with an aim to guard Nagpur's eastern side.

Source - https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/nagpur/nagardhan-fort.html

History

It was earlier known as Nandivardhana (नन्दिवर्द्धन), which was well-known as an ancient capital of the Vakatakas and is now represented by the village Nandardhan. Nandivardhana was also name of Suryavanshi King. Nandivardhana was also name of king of Shishunaga dynasty (430-364 BC) of Magadha.

The first reference to the name Nagpur is found in a 10th century copper-plate inscription discovered at Devali in the neighbouring Wardha district. The inscription is a record of grant of a village situated in the visaya (district) of Nagpura-Nandivardhana during time of Rashtrakutas king Krisna III in the Saka year 862 (940 CE). [4] Nandivardhana, which was well-known as an ancient capital of the Vakatakas, is now represented by the village Nandardhan, about three miles (5 km) from the temple town of Ramtek.

Inscription found at Ramtek show that during the 12th century AD Nagpur and its surrounding regions formed the part of the thickly wooded country called Jhadimandala under Yadavas of Devagiri.[5] However, tradition ascribes the founding of Nagpur to Bakht Buland, a prince of the Gond kingdom of Deogarh Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh in the Chhindwara district.

Poona Plates of 13th year of Prabhavatigupta were issued from Nandivardhana by Prabhavatigupta, the chief queen of the Vâkataka Maharaja Rudrasëna II and mother of the Yuvaràja Divakarasena. She was then acting as Régent for her minor son. The plates record the grant of the village Danguna (दङ्गुण), which is modern Hinganghat.

Nagardhan Plates Of Svamiraja : (Kalachuri) Year 322 (=573 AD)

No. 120 , Plate XCIX
Nagardhan Plates Of Svamiraja : (Kalachuri) Year 322 (=573 AD)

Source - Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617

[p.611]: These copper-plates were discovered in 1948 at Nagardhan, a small village about 3 miles south of Ramtek, the chief town of tahsil of the same name in the Nagpur District of Madhya Pradesh. Mr Hiralal Upasrao Mahadule of Nagardhan, who obtained possession of the plates, handed them over to me for decipherment. They were first published by me in the Epîgraphia Indica, Vol XXVIII, pp I ff. The record is edited here from the original plates and their ink impressions taken kindly for me by Mr. V. K. Aiyar, Superintendent, Government Press, Nagpur.

They are three copper-plates, each measurmg 7 9" in length and 41" in height. The first and third plates are inscribed on one side, and the second, on both the sides..... This mode of stringing the plates together resembles that of the Vakataka grants, though the seal here is rectangular, not round as in the latter grants. The plates are in a State of good preservation, and there is no uncertainty in the reading of any part of the text.

The record consists of 28 lines, which are evenly divided on the four inscribed faces of the three plates. The characters are of the box-headed variety, the boxes at the top

[p.612]: of the letters being scooped out hollow. They ate beautifully formed; being more cursive and round than those of the Vakataka grants. They resemble very closely the characters of the Early Ganga grants of the sixth or seventh century A C1....The language is Sanskrit, and except for two verses at the end in LL. 24-27, the record is in prose throughout......

The plates were issued from Nandivardhana (नान्दीवार्द्धन) (L.1) by Nannarâja (नन्नराज) (L.2) , who meditated on the feet of his brother Svâmirâja (स्वामिराज) (L.1-2) , during whose reign the grant was made.2 Svamirâja is described as Bhattâraka-pâd-ânudhyâta 'meditating on the feet of the lord paramount', which indicates his feudatory status. Neither the family to which these princes belonged nor the suzerain to whom they owed allegiance is mentioned in the present grant. No ancestors of Svâmirâja have been named. In all these respects the present grant resembles those of the Maharajas of Khandesh3.

The object of the inscription appears to be to record two gifts:

(1) one of two nivartanas (निवर्त्तन) of land in the village Chinchapattika (चिंचपट्टिक) (L.12), which was made at the request of the President (Sthavira) (स्थविर) (L.4) and Members of the Executive Committee (Pramukhas) (प्रमुख) (L.7) of the assembly (Samuha) (समूह) (L.7) of the Corporation (Gana) Mahamatragana (महामात्र गण) (L.4), and

(ii) the other of the village Ankôllikâ (अङ्कोल्लिक) (L.17), which was made by Nannarâja (नन्नराज) (or, perhaps by Svâmirâja) on his own account near the Chatuka-vata4, situated in the stream of the Ganga, on the occasion of an eclipse which occurred on the new-moon day of Chaitra in the cyclic year Âshâdha.

The donated village Ankollikâ (अङ्कोल्लिक) (L.17) was situated on the right bank of the river Sûla (शूलनदी) (L.15), to the west of the agrahâra of Achalapura (अचलपुर) (L.16) and to the east of Srîparnikâ (श्रीपर्णिक) (L.16).

The donees were certain Brahmanas of the White and Black Yajurvëdas and the Samavëda. The inscription contains another date at the end, when the plates were issued, viz., the fifth tithi (expressed by a symbol) of the bright fortnight of Kârttika in the year three hundred and twenty-two (expressed in words) of an unspecified era.

The engraver was the Kshatriya Durgâditya, the son of Chandra.

As stated before, the royal family to which Svâmirâja and Nannarâja belonged is not specified in the present grant, but since these names occur in two early Rashtrakuta

1. See, e g , the Jirjingi plates of Indravarman, Gânga year 39 (537-38 AC), Ep Ind , Vol XXV, pp 281-88 and plate, and Tekkali plates of Indravarman, Gânga year 154 (652-53 A C), îbid, Vol XVIII, pp 307-11 and plate. The Gânga era began in the Saka year 420 (498 AC) as shown by me, ibid , Vol XXVI, pp 326-36.

2. This is shown by the word kushali 'in good health', applied to Svâmirâja in L. 2

3. Nos 2-4, above.

4. The grant was apparently made at the akshaya-vata near the confluence of the Gângâ and the Yamunâ. It is also possible that the grant was actually made by Svâmirâja and was only recorded by Nannarâja. For a similar grant made at Prayâga at the confluence of the two rivers by a ruling king of Vidarbha and recorded afterwards by his relative at Nandivardhana, see the Rithapur plates of Bhavadattavarman, Ep Ind, Vol XIX, pp. 100 ff.

[p.613]: records discovered in Vidarbha, viz , the Tivarakhed1 and the Multai2 plates, with the slight change of Svâmirâja into Svamikarâja, it seems very likely that the princes mentioned here also belonged to the same royal lineage.3

The plates state, in lines 14-15, that the grant of Nannarâja was made on the occasion of a (solar) eclipse on Chaitra amâvâsyâ in the cyclic year Âshâdha. This year was evidently of the twelve-year cycle of Jupiter. The System of citing the years of this cycle was current in early times and continued till the sixth century A.C. In North India five such dates, with the word mahâ prefixed to the name of the year, were discovered in the grants of the Parivrâjaka Maharajas Hastin and Sankshôbha, from which Dr. Fleet and Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit calculated the epoch of the Gupta era4. Some more dates of this kind have since then been discovered. In South India also, some dates of this kind have been noticed in the records of the Early Rashtrakutas5, the Kadambas6 and the kings of Kalinga7, but they do not admit of verification in the absence of the necessary details. The present grant is thus unique in that it mentions such details together with the name of the cyclic year and the date of an era. Let us see whether the details work out regularly for any of the known eras.

If the year 322 is referred to the Gupta era, it would correspond to 641-42 A.C There was, however, no solar eclipse in the amânta or pûrmmànta Chaitra of that year. Besides, the cyclic year was Phâlguna8, not Ashadha as stated in the grant. The nearest solar eclipse in Chaitra occurred on the 21 st March 638 A.C, but then too the cyclic year was Mârgashïrsha, not Ashâdha. Again, there is no evidence that the Gupta era was current in Vidarbha or, for the matter of that, anywhere in Maharashtra. The year 322 of the present grant cannot, therefore, be referred to the Gupta era.

The only other era to which this date can be referred is the Kalachuri era, which was current in the neighbourmg districts of Khandesh and Nasik9. Let us next see if the details work out satisfactorily for this era.

The epoch which suits early dates of the Kalachuri era is 248-49 A C. If the year 322 is referred to this era, it should be équivalent to 570-71 or 571-72 A C according as it was current or expired. But in neither of thèse years, was there a solar eclipse in the amânta or pûrmmànta Chaitra. There was, however, such an eclipse in the immediately folio wing year 573 A C , on the 19th March, which was the amâvâsyâ of the amânta Chaitra. The year of the twelve-year cycle was also Ashadha according to the mean-sign System, The agreement of these three details, viz , the solar eclipse, the lunar month and the cyclic year shows that the 19th March 573 A.C. is undoubtedly the correct date of the grant.

1. Ep Ind. Vol XI, pp 274 ff

2. Ind Ant, Vol XVIII, pp 230 ff

3. Svâmirâja and his brother Nannarâja were not, however, identical with Svâmikaràja and, his son Nannarâja. The latter flourished at the close of the seventh and in the beginning of the eighth century A C as shown by the Multai plates dated, Saka 631 (709-10 A C). The Tivarakhed plates, which give the earlier date of Saka 553 (631-32A C ), are undoubtedly spurious. The present grant, on the other hand, was made in 573 AC, more than a hundred and thirty-five years before, as shown below. For a detailed examination of this question, see Ind Hist Quart, Vol XXV, pp 138 ff.

4. The last known date of this type is G 209 (528 A C) which occurs in the Khôh plates of the Parivrâjaka Maharaja Sankshôbha.

5. See my article on the Râshtrakùtas of Mânapura, A B O R I , Vol XXV, p 42.

6. Ind Ant , Vol VII, pp 35 ff and Vol VI, pp 24 ff

7. Ep Ind, Vol XXIV, pp 47 ff

8. This is according to the mean-sign system See Cunningham, Indian Eras, p 166. The year according to the heliacal rising system also would be the same according to the calculations of Dr K L Daftari.

9. See dates of Nos 2-4, 28 and 31, above

[p.614]: The paleography of the grant also supports this date; for, as stated before, its characters resemble those of the early Ganga grants, and must, therefore, be referred to the sixth century A C. Besides, the wording of the format portion of the present grant shows that it must be classed with such early grants as those of the Maharajas of Khandesh, Subandhu of Mahishmati and the Traïkûtakas of Western Maharashtra.

As stated before, the epoch of 248-49 A C. does not hold good in the present case. Supposing the year of the present grant to be Kârttikâdi and expired as in most other early dates, the epoch of the era applicable in the present case would be 250-51 A.C. The solar eclipse in Chaitra when the grant was made must have occurred in the Kàrttikàdi Kalachuri year 321. The amàvàsya of the amanta Chaitia in the expired year 321 fell, according to the proposed epoch of 250-51 A C, on the 19th March 573 A C. On that day, there was a solar eclipse visible in India, and the Bârhaspatya samvatsara also was Ashâdha as stated in the grant.1

The grant under discussion is unique in another respect also. It is the only grant dated in the Kalachuri era that has been found in Vidarbha. The earlier grants of the Vakatakas who ruled in Vidarbha are dated in régnal years, while the later ones of the Rashtrakutas are recorded in the Saka era. The present grant, which belongs to the intervening period, is dated in the Kalachuri era evidently because that era had spread to Vidarbha with the spread of the Kalachuri power.

The unnamed suzerain of Svâmirâja was probably the Kalachuri Krishnarâja (circa 550-575 AC). It is noteworthy that the silver coins of this Krishnaraja have been discovered at some places in Vidarbha, viz, at Dhâmôri (धामोरी) in the Amaravati District and Pattan in the Betul District.

The present grant is interesting in several other respects also. It is one of the few copper-plate grants to which a Gana (Corporation) is seen to have affixed its own seal. The Corporation was of elephant-drivers (Mahâmâtras)2. Its President was called Sthavira (स्थविर)3 and the members of the Executive Committee, who seem to have numbered twelve, Pramukhas (प्रमुख)4. The assembly of the Corporation was called Samûha (समूह)5 The Gana had, among its leaders, one who was Pilupati (पीलुपति) (L.6) (Chief of the Elephant Corps) and another who was Hastivaîdya (Physician of Elephants) The Corporation had apparently no authority to make any grants of land, for, it had to request the ruling prince to make one on their behalf , but it was allowed to affix its own seal containing its own peculiar emblem of a goad.7 This

1 Another early date to -which this epoch appears applicable is that of the Ellora plates of Dantidurga. I have shown elsewhere that the correct reading of the date of this grant is the year 463 and that it probably refers to the Kalachuri era See J BB.RAS, (New series), Vol, XXVI, pp. 163 ff. This date (Monday, the thirteenth tith of the bright fortnight of Asgvina in the year 463) appears regular only according to the epoch 250-51 AC. The Ellora plates of Dantidurga are, therefore, probably dated in the Kalachuri era However, as the matter is not absolutely beyond doubt, the record is not included in the present Volume

2. The Marathi word mâhut, meaning an elephant-driver, is derived from mahâmatra (Prakrit, mahâutta), According to Kullûka on MSM (IX, 259), the mahâmâtras were the trainers of elephants,

3. Sthavira seems to be used in the same sense as Jethaka, of which it is a synonym. The latter term occurs in the Jatakas in the sense of 'the head of a corporation'

4. The Indor copper-plate inscription uses pravara in the sensé of pramukha CII, Vol III, p 70

5. For samûha meaning 'the assembly of a gana', see Brihaspati-smriti, XVII, 20

6. It is noteworthy that Vishvarupa, the oldest commentator of the Yàjnavalkeya-smriti, explains gana as 'a corporation of elephant-riders and others'. Cf vanik-samuho ganah, hastyârôh-âdi-samuha itya-anyë in Vishvarûpa's commentary on YS. II, 196

7. For another grant to -which a corporation of mahâmâtras bas affixed its seal, see the Banaras plates of Hariràja. PTAIOC (1943-44), pp 390 ff. This seal also contains the emblem of a goad (not of a flag-staff as stated by the editor). In this case, the plates also were issued by the Corporation, though the grant was made with the consent of the reigning king and his çhief queen.

[p.615]: shows that it wielded considerable power in the State.1

As for the localities mentioned in the present grant,

  • Nandivardhana (नान्दीवार्द्धन) (L.1), from which the plates were issued, has already been identified with Nagardhan. This identification has been corroborated by the present record Nagardhan is also said to have been known by the name of Nandardhan which corresponds to Nandivardhana.
  • Achalapura (अचलपुर) (L.16) is usually identified with a place of the same name (former Ellichpur) in the Amaravati District; but there is no river named Sulanadi (सूलनदी) (L.15) flowing by its side. The Achalapura mentioned in the present plates as an agrahâra village was probably situated not far from Nandivardhana.
  • The Sulanadi (सूलनदी) (L.15), on the bank of which it lay, is probably identical with the river Sur2 which flows only about 4 miles east of Nagardhan.
  • Ankollika (अङ्कोल्लिक) (L.17), which was situated on the bank of the Shulanadi, may be identical with modern Aroli, on the right bank of the Sur, about 8 miles south by east of Nagardhan. Our view is that this village may be Akoli
  • There are no places corresponding to Achalapura (अचलपुर) (L.16) and Shriparnika (श्रीपर्णिक) (L.16) in its vicinity.
  • Chinchapattika (चिंचपट्टिक) (L.12) is probably represented by the village Chichal, about a mile and a half north by east of Nagardhan.

1. The elephant force was an important part of the army in ancient times Cf. हस्ती प्रधानो राज्ञां Kautilya's Arthashâstra, II, 2

2. This river is called Sura-nadi in L.39 of the Ramtek stone inscription of Ramachandra, Ep Ind Vol XXV, p 10. The name of the river seems to have changed from Sula-nadi to Sura-nadi in the course of the seven centuries that separate these two records

p.615
p.616
Translation

[p.616]: Success! Hall! From Nandivardhana — The illustrious Svâmirâja (स्वामिराज) (L.1-2, who is a fervent devotee of Maheshvara (Siva) and meditates on the feet of the Bhattâraka (Lord paramount), is in good health. His brother Nannarâja (नन्नराज) (L.2), who meditates on him, honours all his8 (officers) such as Rajasthaniyas (राजस्थानीय) (L.2), Uparikas (उपरिक) (L.3)9, Dandapashikas (दाण्डपाशिक) (L.3)10, Chatas (चाट) (L.3), Bhatas (भट) (L.3)11, Dutasampreshanikas (दूतसम्प्रेषणिक) (L.3)12 and Drangikas (द्राङ्गिक) (L.3)13 communicating (the following order to them) . —

(Line 4) "Be it known to you that at the request of the Assembly of the Corporation (Gana-samùha), whose Executive Officers (Pramukhas) (प्रमुख) (L.7)14) are Kalinga (कलिंग) (L.4) (who is) the President (Sthavira) (स्थविर) (L.4) of the Mahamatragana (महामात्र गण) (L.4), (and) Ketabha (केटभ) (L.5), Roladëva (रोलदेव) (L.5),

1. Read कर्क्कस्वामी एतेभ्य .

2. Supply दत्तानि.

3. Read उत्तरतटे चलापुरा.

4. Read उदकपूर्वम् .

5. Mètre of this and the following verse Anushtubh.

6. This akshara is redundant.

7. Read द्वाविंशत्युत्तरे.

8. As the text stands, thèse offcers would be of Nannarâja, but they are probably meant to be of his brother Svâmirâja who was reigning at the time

9.For Râjasthàniya and Uparika, see above, p 36, notes 2 and 3

10. Dândapâsîka was a Police officer

11. For châtas and bhatas, see above, p 43, n 9

12. Dutasamprishanikas were those who appointed Dûtas for the execution of royal orders.

13. For Drângika, see above, p 36, n 6

14. The Pramukhas correspond to the Kâryachintakas mentioned in the Smritis See YS, II, 191.

[p.617]: Pradïptabhata, two Sivadëvabhatas, Mâtrisvâmin, Ganadëva, Kônkabhata, Sâmasvâmin (who is) the Physician of Elephants, Asangata (असंगत) (L.6), Mallayika (माल्लायिक) (L.6-7) (who is) the Chief of the Eléphant Corps (and) Prabhâkata, (and) for augmenting the religious merit and fame of (My) mother and father and of Myself, (I have granted), by a charter, twelve nivartanas (of land) in (the village) Chinchapattikâ (चिंचपट्टिक) (L.12) to (the following Brahmanas) (viz.) the learned Divakara of the Upamanyu gôtra and Vâjasanëya sâkhâ, Dëvasvâmin of the Maudgalya gôtra, Sankara of the Kaushika gotra, Aditya of the Bharadvaja gotra, Dâmôdara of the Upamanyu gôtra and others, these (being) of the Kanva shâkhâ; Gana, Sôma, Vatsa, Chandi, Suprabha, Kumâra and others, these (being) of the Taittirîya sâkhâ, Ishana of the Sâmavëda ; Ravichândra and Ravigana of the Kaundina gotra and Kanva sâkhâ, (and) Karkasvâmin of the Vatsa gotra.

(L. 13) "And to these (same) Brahmanas, (I)1 while staying at the Chatuka banyan tree in (the stream of) the Gangâ, on the occasion of the eclipse on the new-moon day of Chaitra in the year Âshâdha, donated with a libation of water, according to the maxim of uncultivated land2, the village named Ankôllikâ (अङ्कोल्लिक) (L.17), on the left bank of the river Sûla (शूलनदी) (L.15), (situated) to the west of the agrahâra Achalapura and to the east of Shriparnikà, which is to be enjoyed by a succession of sons and sons' sons as long as the moon, the Sun, the oceans, the mountains, fire, wind and the sky would endure, which is free from the obligations of gifts, forced labour and the cess for providing meals (to touring royal officers3) which is exempt from all taxes and is invested with the powers of internal adjudication4, in order that they (ie , the Brahmanas) should enjoy it and perform religious duties such as bali, charu, vashhadêva (and) agnihôtra.

(L. ??) "Wherefore, Our descendants as well as others who will in future be the rulers of this vishaya and bhôga should consent to and preserve (this Our gift). And whoever, with his mind tossed by the waves of the river-water, namely, the greed for enjoying even the least product of this (gift) and with his intellect clouded by a mass of ignorance, would (seek to) attain life which is transitory like the ripples on the water of a mountain stream and fleeting wealth which is as unsteady as the leaves of the ashvattha tree, will incur the five great sins."

(L 24) And it is said by the vénérable Vyàsa —

(Here follow two benedîctive and impprecatory verses.)

(L.27) This charter has been engraved by the Kshatriya Durgâditya, the son of Chandra, for the attainment of religious merit by (his) mother and father

In the year three hundred (increased by) twenty-two, (the month) Kârttika, the bright (fortnight) (and) the (lunar) day 5.

Seal

A gift5 of the Corporation (गणपति)

1. This may refer to the reigning king Svâmirâja

2. Avani-randhra-nyaya is the same as bhûmi-chchhidra-nyâya for which, see above, p 43, n 10. It conferred full proprietary tights on the donee

3. For jëmaka-kara-bhara, see above, p 156

4. Antahsîddhîka corresponds to abhyantarasiddhika in No 31, 141, for which, see above, p 154, n.1

5. For datti in the sense of 'a gift', see the expression a-pûrva-dattyâ 'as a gift not previously made', which occurs in several Vâkâtaka grants. See Ep, Ind, Vol XXII, p. 173

Wiki editor Notes

  • Achal (Jat clan) = Achalapura (अचलपुर) (L.16). Achalapura (अचलपुर) (L.16) is mentioned as a village alongwith Sriparnika (श्रीपर्णिक) (L.16) in Nagardhan Plates Of Svamiraja - (Kalachuri) Year 322 (=573 AD). ....Achalapura (अचलपुर) (L.16) is usually identified with a place of the same name (former Ellichpur) in the Amaravati District; but there is no river named Sulanadi (सूलनदी) (L.15) flowing by its side. The Achalapura mentioned in the present plates as an agrahâra village was probably situated not far from Nandivardhana....Both these villages could not be identified as there are no places corresponding to Achalapura (अचलपुर) (L.16) and Shriparnika (श्रीपर्णिक) (L.16) in vicinity of Nagardhan. [6]
  • Chinchapattika (चिंचपट्टिक) (L.12) = Chichala. Chichala (चिचाला) is a village in Ramtek tahsil in Nagpur district of Maharashtra. Nagardhan Plates Of Svamiraja - (Kalachuri) Year 322 (=573 AD) mention that one of two nivartanas (निवर्त्तन) of land in the village Chinchapattika (चिंचपट्टिक) (L.12), which was made at the request of the President (Sthavira) (स्थविर) (L.4) and Members of the Executive Committee (Pramukhas) (प्रमुख) (L.7) of the assembly (Samuha) (समूह) (L.7) of the Corporation (Gana) Mahamatragana (महामात्र गण) (L.4)[11]
  • Gana - Nagardhan Plates Of Svamiraja : (Kalachuri) Year 322 (=573 AD) mentions grant being issued by Gana....The present grant is interesting ....It is one of the few copper-plate grants to which a Gana (Corporation) is seen to have affixed its own seal. The Corporation was of elephant-drivers (Mahâmâtras). Its President was called Sthavira (स्थविर) and the members of the Executive Committee, who seem to have numbered twelve, Pramukhas (प्रमुख). The assembly of the Corporation was called Samûha (समूह). The Gana had, among its leaders, one who was Pilupati (पीलुपति) (L.6) (Chief of the Elephant Corps) and another who was Hastivaîdya (Physician of Elephants). The Corporation had apparently no authority to make any grants of land, for, it had to request the ruling prince to make one on their behalf , but it was allowed to affix its own seal containing its own peculiar emblem of a goad. shows that it wielded considerable power in the State.(p.614).[15] ....Gana in brief means an assembly. Ganatantra (republic) means a state run by assemblies. The representative members of clans were known as ganas and their assembly as sanghas, there chief as ganadhipati or Ganesha and Ganapati. This republic type of governance was folloed by of Jat Ganasanghas.
  • Sriparnika (श्रीपर्णिक) (L.16) is mentioned as a village alongwith Achalapura (अचलपुर) (L.16) in Nagardhan Plates Of Svamiraja - (Kalachuri) Year 322 (=573 AD). Both these villages could not be identified as there are no places corresponding to Achalapura (अचलपुर) (L.16) and Shriparnika (श्रीपर्णिक) (L.16) in vicinity of Nagardhan. [27]

Our search shows that Śrīparṇikā (श्रीपर्णिका).—f. (-kā) A medicinal shrub. Śrīparṇikā (श्रीपर्णिका):—[=śrī-parṇikā] [from śrī] f. Myristica Malabarica and Myrica Sapida, Bhāvaprakāśa]. Śrīparṇikā (श्रीपर्णिका):—[śrī-parṇikā] (kā) 1. f. A medicinal shrub, Kayaphah. [28]

  • Syam (Jat clan) = Svamiraja (स्वामिराज) (L.1-2). Nagardhan Plates Of Svamiraja - (Kalachuri) Year 322 (=573 AD) were issued from Nandivardhana (नान्दीवार्द्धन) (L.1) by Nannarja (नन्नराज) (L.2) who meditated on the feet of his brother Svamiraja (स्वामिराज) (L.1-2) , during whose reign the grant was made. The unnamed suzerain of Svâmirâja was probably the Kalachuri Krishnaraja (circa 550-575 AC) (Krishna=Shyam). [31] Nagardhan (नगरधन) is town in Ramtek tahsil in Nagpur district of Maharashtra. It was earlier known as Nandivardhana (नन्दिवर्द्धन), which was well-known as an ancient capital of the Vakatakas.

Notable persons

References

  1. ↑ http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Nagpur/Ramtek/Nagardhan
  2. ↑ Mahāprajña, Acharya (1974). Shraman Mahavira (PDF). Ladnun: Jain Vishwa Bharati Prakashan. pp. 7, 8; Sunavala, A. J. (2014-01-02). Adarsha Sadhu. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-62386-6.
  3. ↑ handanaji, Acharya. Walk With Me - The Story of Mahavir: A Remarkable Revolutionary: Acharya Chandanaji, Vastupal Parikh, PhD.: 9780968986370: Books: Amazon.com. Toronto
  4. ↑ History of Nagpur District:Ancient Period, publisher=Maharashtra State Government Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications
  5. ↑ Nagpuronline-History
  6. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  7. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  8. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  9. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  10. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  11. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  12. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  13. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  14. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  15. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  16. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  17. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  18. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  19. ↑ Kumar, Raj (2010). Early history of Jammu region. Gyan Publishing House. p. 374. ISBN 9788178357706.
  20. ↑ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. p. 146. ISBN 9788122411980.
  21. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  22. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  23. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  24. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  25. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  26. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  27. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  28. ↑ https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shriparnika
  29. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  30. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  31. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617
  32. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p.611-617

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