Vakataka Dynasty

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Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)
Approximate extent of the Vakataka territories circa 350 CE.[1]
Pedigree of Vakatakas[2]
Map Showing Places Mentioned in Vakataka Inscriptions

Vakataka Dynasty (वाकाटक) was a royal Indian dynasty that originated from the Deccan in the mid-third century CE. They were the most important successors of the Satavahanas in the Deccan and contemporaneous with the Guptas in northern India.

Origin

Variants

Extent

Their state is believed to have extended from the southern edges of Malwa and Gujarat in the north to the Tungabhadra River in the south as well as from the Arabian Sea in the western to the edges of Chhattisgarh in the east.

Vakatakas Inscriptions:Main Branch

Vakataka Inscriptions of Main Branch are from No.1-18 and of the Feudatories of the Main Branch are from No.19-22

Click the place name of Inscription below to know details:

Place Inscription No. Source Places mentioned Comments
Deotek (Chandrapur) (MS) Deotek Stone Inscription of Rudrasena I No.1 : Plate I the earliest record of the Vakatakas Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (inscriptions Of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.1-4 1. Deotek (Nagbhir, Chandrapur, MS), 2. Chikmara (Nagbhir, Chandrapur, MS) The earliest record of the Vakatakas
Poona (Originally belonged to the Hinganghat) Poona Plates of 13th year of Prabhavatigupta (Originally belonged to the Hinganghat tahsil) (MS) No.2: Plate II Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (inscriptions Of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.5-9 1. Hinganghat (Wardha); 2. Nagardhan (Ramtek, Nagpur); 3. Kadajana (Hinganghat, Wardha); 4. Sirasgaon (Hinganghat, Wardha); 5. Sidivivaraka (?) Prabhavatigupta, chief queen of Vakataka King Rudrasena II and daughter of Chandragupta II, was of Dharan Gotra. K P Jayaswal takes it to stand for Dharan Jat clan and concludes that Chandragupta I was a Jat.[5]This view has been supported by Gokhale.[6]
Jamb (Wardha) (MS) Jamb Plates of 2nd year of Pravarasena II No.3: Plate III Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (inscriptions Of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.10-15 1. Jamb, 2. Mangaon; 3. Chincholi; 4. Bothuda; 5.Mandgaon - all in tah. Samudrapur, Wardha Bhavanaga was Maharaja of Bharasivas. Bharasivas were created by Shiva, who was pleased by their carrying his Shivalinga on their shoulders, and who were besprinkled on their head with the pure water of the Bhagirathi River that had been obtained by their valour.
Belora (Wardha) (MS) Belora Plates (Sets A and B) of 11th year of Pravarasena II Nos.4 And 5; Plate IV and V Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (inscriptions Of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.16-21 1. Belora, 2. Ladki, 3. Dighi, 4. Salbardi allin Morshi tahsil of Amravati (MS); Ashti (Wardha, MS); Pakkana ? The former record the grant of the village Mahalla-Lata in the Asi bhukti
Chamak (Amravati) (MS) Chammak Plates of 18th year of Pravarasena II No.6: Plate VI Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (inscriptions Of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.22-27 Chamak (Achalpur, Amravati) situated on Madhunadi (Chandrabhaga) Pravarapura, the later capital of Pravarasena II finds a mention here for the first time. His earlier capital was Nandivardhana.
Seoni (MP) Siwani Plates of 18th year of Pravarasena II No.7: Plate VII Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (inscriptions Of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.28-32 1. Bamhani (Kirnapur, Balaghat), 2. Beni (Khairlanji, Balaghat), 3. Brahmanwada (Karanja, Wardha), 4. Karanja (Karanja, Balaghat), 5. Kholapur (Bhatkuli, Amravati), 6. Kinhi (Kirnapur, Balaghat) Bhavanaga was Maharaja of Bharasivas. Bharasivas were created by Shiva who was pleased by their carrying his linga on their shoulders.
Riddhapur (Amravati) (MS) Riddhapur plates of 19th year of Prabhavatigupta No. 8: Plate VIII Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.33-37 1. Riddhapur (Morshi, Amravati), Ramtek (Nagpur), Asatpur (Achalpur, Amaravati), Koshika (?), MS Prabhavatigupta, chief queen of Vakataka King Rudrasena II and daughter of Chandragupta II, was of Dharan Gotra. K P Jayaswal takes it to stand for Dharan Jat clan and concludes that Chandragupta I was a Jat.[7]This view has been supported by Gokhale.[8]
Indore (Originally belongs to Balaghat District ) Indore Plates of 23rd year of Pravarasena II (MP) No.9: Plate IX Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.38-42 1. Kosamba (Tirodi, Balaghat), 2. Anjan Bihari/Anjanwadi (Tirodi, Balaghat), 3. Kobidarika (?), 4. Gepuraka (?),5.Aramaka (?) The inscription is of Pravarasena II. His genealogy was apparently given in the beginning exactly as in the Jamb plates, but its earlier portion which described Pravarasena I and Bhavanaga, the chief of the Bharasivas, is now lost. The place of issue may have been the royal capital Pravarapura.
Dudia (Chhindwara) (MP) Dudia Plates of Pravarasena II No.10: Plate X Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (Inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.42-47 Arvi (Wardha), Dabaka Heti (Chimur, Chandrapur), Kalamgaon (Chandur Railway, Amravati),Songaon (Chandur Railway, Amravati Bhavanaga was Maharaja of Bharasivas. Bharasivas were created by Shiva, who was pleased by their carrying his Shivalinga on their shoulders, and who were besprinkled on their head with the pure water of the Bhagirathi River that had been obtained by their valour.
Tirodi (Balaghat) (MP) Tirodi Copper Plate Inscription of the Maharaja Pravarasena II No.11: Plate XI Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (inscriptions Of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, pp.48-52 1. Tirodi (Balaghat), 2. Narnala (Akola MS); 3. Wari Bhairaogad (Telhara, Akola MS); 4. Beni (Khairlanji, Balaghat, MP); 5. Kosamba (Tirodi, Balaghat, MP); 6. Jamuntola (Seoni, MP); 7. Chandpur (Bhandara, MS); 8. Vardhamanaka ?, 9. Mrigasima ?, 10. Mallakapedhaka ? Bhavanaga was Maharaja of Bharasivas. Bharasivas were created by Shiva, who was pleased by their carrying his Shivalinga on their shoulders, and who were besprinkled on their head with the pure water of the Bhagirathi River that had been obtained by their valour.
Wadgaon (Chandrapur) (MS) Wadgaon Plates of Pravarasena II No.12: Plate XII Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (Inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.53-56 Arjuni and Wadgaon (Chandrapur); Chinchmandal, Gadeghat, Niljai, Kosara, Khairi (Yavatmal), MS, Velusuka (?) Erai River mentioned as Hiranya River, The Senapati at the time was Bappadeva, He is mentioned also in the Siwani plates of Pravarasena II.
Prabhat Pattan (Betul) (MP) Pattan Plates of 27th year of Pravarasena II No.13: Plate XIII Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (Inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.57-62 1. Prabhat Pattan (Betul), 2. Loni Amravati, 3. Warud (Amravati), 4. Asvatthakhetaka (?) Bhavanaga was Maharaja of Bharasivas. Bharasivas were created by Shiva, who was pleased by their carrying his Shivalinga on their shoulders, and who were besprinkled on their head with the pure water of the Bhagirathi River that had been obtained by their valour. This is the first time that the name Kalidasa has been discovered in a record of the Gupta period.
Pandhurna (Chhindwara) (MP) Pandhurna Plates of 29th year of Pravarasena II No. 14: Plate XIV Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (Inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.63-68 1. Teegaon, 2. Bijagora, 3. Wadegaon, 4. Borgaon, 5. Ajangaon, 6. Sangam (1-6 Chhindwara); 7. Amla, 8. Khedli Bazar (7-8 Betul), 9. Dhuvavataka (?), 10. Brahmanavataka, 11. Darbhapatha Bhavanaga was Maharaja of Bharasivas. Bharasivas were created by Shiva, who was pleased by their carrying his Shivalinga on their shoulders, and who were besprinkled on their head with the pure water of the Bhagirathi River that had been obtained by their valour. It is the last known grant of this king.
Balaghat (MP) Patna Museum Plates of Pravarasena II (Found at Balaghat) No.15: Plate XV Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (Inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.69-72 1. Bamhani, 2. Murjhad, 3. Magardarra (In Balaghat, MP), 4. Darbhaviraka (?), 5. Manapallika (?), 6. Yashapura (?), 7. Shriparnaka (?), Description of the Bharasivas that their royal family was created by the god Shiva, who was pleased by their carrying shivalinga on their shoulders. These identifications show that the country under the direct rule of Pravarasena II comprised the modern districts of Balaghat and Bhandara and extended to the western boundary of Dakshina Kosala.
Ramtek (Nagpur) (MS) Ramtek Plate of Pravarasena II No. 16: Plate XVI Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (Inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.72-75 NA As the first three plates are not forthcoming, all important particulars such as the names of the donor and the donee, the land or the village granted, its boundaries etc. are lost.
Durg (MP) (issued from Padampur Gondia) (MS) An Unfinished Durg Plate issued from Padmapura (Gondia) No.17: Plate XVII Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (Inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.76-78 discovered at Mohalla (Rajnandgaon), The plate purports to have been issued from Padmapura Description of Bhavanaga, the Maharaja of the Bharasivas that their royal family was created by the god Shiva, who was pleased by their carrying shivalinga on their shoulders. Padmapura was the capital of a successor of Pravarasena II and the ancestral home of Bhavabhuti.
Balaghat (MP) Balaghat Plates of Prithivishena II No.18: Plate XVIII Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (Inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.79-81 Bembal (Chandrapur) Description of Bhavanaga, the Maharaja of the Bharasivas that their royal family was created by the god Shiva, who was pleased by their carrying shivalinga on their shoulders. Pravarasena II's son was Narendrasena, who is said to have taken away the family’s fortune by means of confidence. His commands were honoured by the lords of KosalaMekala and Malava. His son, from the queen Ajjhitabhattarika , the daughter of the king of Kuntala was Maharaja Prithivishena II.
Bamhani (Anuppur) (MP) Bamhani Plates Of Bharatabala No.19: Plate XIX Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (Inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.82-88 Bamhani(Anuppur), Mekala, Amarkantak, Narmada River, Son River, Pachgaon Shahdol, Panchagarta The inscription is one of Maharaja Bharata or Bharatabala of the Pandava lineage, who ruled over the country of Mekala.
Nachne (Gunnor, Panna) (MP) Nachane-Ki-Talai Stone Inscriptions of Vyaghradeva Nos. 20-21 Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (Inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.89-91 Nachne (Gunnor, Panna) The inscription of Vyaghradeva was found lying on the ground outside the Fort of Kuthara near the village Nachne-ki-talai. Vyaghradeva was a contemporary of the Vakataka king Prithivishena II.
Ganj (Gunnor, Panna) (MP) Ganj Stone Inscriptions of Vyaghradeva No.22 : Plates XXII Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.5 (Inscriptions of The Vakatakas), Edited by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1963, Archaeological Survey of India, p.92 Ganj (Gunnor, Panna) The inscription Vyaghradeva was found near Ganj in the former Ajayagadh state. Vyaghradeva was a contemporary of the Vakataka king Prithivishena II.

Notes: 1. Places not identified have been marked ?

Jat clans

History

Source - Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India, p.338

[p.338]: Earlier Vakatakas (250-510 AD) established their rule in Vindhya region. But later established authority over whole of Central India. From Vakataka inscriptions it is well established that a dynasty which took its name Vakataka came into existence about a century before Samudragupta's conquests. The first king of the dynasty was Vindhyashakti (250–270). Second king was Pravarasena I (270–330).

[p.339]: Pravarasena I was son of Vindhyashakti, who not only performed four Asvamedhas but also assumed the title of Samriit.48 He had a long reign, so much so that his eldest son Gautamiputra could not succeed him, but his grand-son Rudrasena I succeeded him. Gautamiputra himself was married to the daughter of the Bharsiva king Bhavanaga. The son of this union was Rudrasena I grand son of Pravarsena I and Bhavanaga. As, there was matriarchal system of heredity among the Nagas (Chapter V pp 102-03 and VI), hence Rudrasena I became the legal heir of throne of Bhavanaga in addition to throne of his own grand father Pravarsena I.49 Rudrasena I was succeeded by his son Prithivisena I. Rudrasena II son of Prithivisena I was married to Prabhavati Gupta daughter of Chandra Gupta II born of the Empress Kubera Naga. Prabhavati Gupta ruled as regent after the death of her husband Rudrasena II, as guardian to her minor son Yuvraj Divakarsena and subsequently to another son called Damodarsena or Pravarasena II.

It is obvious Vakataka dynasty took its root in Vindhya region and later extended its sways as far as Karnataka in South since Prithvisena subjugated the king of Kuntala a part of Karnataka and Kadamba kingdom.

Their capitals were at Purika, Chanak, Pravarpur and Padmapur and Branches at Nandivardhan and Vatsagulma.

48. Jayaswal K.P.,P.62 49. Jayaswal K.P.,P.63

Theories of Origin of Vakatakas

The Brahman origin theory of Vakataka by Jayaswal

Source - Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India, p.338

[p.339]: Whether the Vakatakas were Aryan Brahmans or Nagas has been a subject of great controversy among the historians. Among the scholars who identify Vakatakas as Brahmanas, Jayaswal K.P., is at the forefront. We, therefore produce his opinion.50. He writes, 'There is no doubt that Vakatakas were Brahmans. They performed Brihaspati-sava and also four Ashwamedha sacrifices... their Gotra was Vishnubraddha 51 (a branch of Bhardwaja) which is still prevalent among the Brahmanas of Maharashtra (A.S.R. Part IV PP-125 and 128 foot-note below and plate no 57). In Puranas they have been called Vindhyakas or royal family of Vindhyadesh. It is, therefore clear that they were original inhabitant of Vindhya Pradesh. The Vindhyakas or the Vakatakas used to live at the bank of river Kilkila or the country around it. This is a small river-near Panna, having a reputation for its unhealthy water. We are thus brought to very area, Ajaygarh-Panna where the earliest Vakatak inscriptions are found, that is the district of Ganj-Nachna. The Bhagwata Purana, is describing the Vidisa Nagas and Praviraka, calls the whole group The kila-kila kings. The location of dynasty in Bundelkhand is thus unanimous."

50. Jayaswal K.P., History of India, PP.66-67 51. According to an inscription of Varahdeva, who was a minister of Harisen, Vindhyashakti has been called Dvij E.I XXVI P.140

The Vakatakas, Taka Naga Origin

Source - Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India, p.342

[p.342]: I am of the view that most probably like all the royal families, such as Shishunagas, Nandas, Mauryas, Satavahanas, Nagas, Navanagas, Bharashivas, Guptas, Chuttus, Kadambas, Chalukya etc., Vakatakas were also of native origin. Particularly the region of Central Provinces known as Bundel Khand and Baghel Khand and its southern and western region was the largest centre of Nagas, where according to KP Jayaswal, this family took its birth. In north-east oh them were Guptas, the non Aryan Karaskar (Vayu Purana, 78-23)....There is more than sufficient evidence, to prove that they were of the Naga Race, belonging to Bharashiva or Taka vansha, which is produced below.

In the copper plate grant of Vakatakas of Balaghat (KP Jayaswal, History of India, p.17) (E.I., IX, P.270) Rudrasena I of Vakataka dynasty has been called Maharaja Bharashiva: Bharatha Snātānāmbhāra Shiva Nām Maharaja Rudrasena.

We know that Bharashivas were of Taka Origin hence Vakatakas were of Taka Origin. It seems that in this word 'Vakataka', suffix of 'Taka' is related to theire family or Vansha name. Now let us use this Vansha name Taka to derive name in the formula, produced by KP Jayaswal as such:

Vagat (name of the village) + Taka (family name) = Vagataka or Vakataka (g→k) alike in Mahararashtra from Mahar + Rashtra or in Saurashtra from Saura + Rashtra.

It fits well most reasonably, which needs no argument since it means, Takas of Vagat or Vakat village.

Vakatakas were offshoots of Vidisa Nagas

Dr Naval Viyogi[9] writes....[p.344] Vakatakas used their original family name as suffix with the name of village. Vagat as indicated in the theory of learned scholar K.P. Jayaswal. In corroboration of this theory some examples of such place names related to Satavahanas, another branch of Taka family, are being produced below; Gautamiputra Srisatkarni in the inscription of Nasik cave (Epigraphia Indica Part VIII no 4 P-71) has called himself Venakatak Swami Gautami Putta Siri Sadakari (The lord of Venakatak Gauamiputta Siri Satakari). Dr. V.V. Mirashi (Sanshodhana Muktavali sery 1 PP 110-12) comments upon above adjective that progenitor of Gautamiputra were ruling there in Maharashtra in the beginning.65 Vena is a river Ven-Ganga near Nagpur.

There are also some more examples of places of like wise names falling in the same area such as; Bhojkata (k)66 Nagar-Katak67, Nandi Katak.68 Karahekatak, Dhankatak. It shows these Vakatakas were a branch of Takas, similar to Bharsiva Taka as proved earlier. It is interesting to note that although Samudra Gupta was daughter's son of Lichchhavis but he has been called only Lichchhavi Dauhitra and not Lichchhavi. But here Rudrasena I has been called Bharsiva Maharaja, who was daughter's son of Bharsiva who came on their throne owing to prevalence of matriarchal system in this family. It shows these Vakatakas were blood relatives of Bharsiva. That is why Rudrasena I has been called Bharsiva otherwise how these Bharsivas would have given their daughter as bride, as well as family throne to a Brahmanas who were their hereditary sworn enemies from the time of Mahabharat. (See chapter X P 261) and Arthsashtra.69

H.H. Wilson (V.P. VollI P-657) has furnished with another most valuable information favouring our theory "that there were thirteen sons of Vindhya Shakti and rest. The Bhagwata has a different statement identifying the sons of the Vindhya race with the Valhikas (Vahikas) and making them thirteen.

tesān trayodashasutā bhavitārscha vāhilkah - means "the Vahlikas will be their thirteen sons." According to Cunningham70 these Vahlikas or Vahikas were Taka Nagas. It evidently confirms our theory that these Vakatakas were definitely of Taka origin and perhaps related to the earlier branch of Vidisa Naga (See. P-330) or Sesha Naga since Vindhya Shakti has been mentioned as descendant of Bhutanandi in the Puranas.

In Bhagawar71 Purana there is a pedigree of early Nagas or Naga kings of Kilkila begins with Bhutanandi and ending with Praviraka or Pravarsena I son of Vindhya Shakti. It is as follows72 :

kilkilāyan nirpatayo bhātananddoya vangirh
sisunandischa tadbratā. yasonandih pravirakāh

65. See chapter XI PP 285-86 for details 66.Harivansha (Vishnu Parva 6-32) 67. Mirashi V.V.P. 46 68. (a) Mirashi V.V.P. 46, (b) JNSI Vol II (1940) P.94 69.Arthashastra of Kautilya, Sangha Vrata Adhikaran XI 70. Cunningham A, PP-125-26 71. Jayaswal K.P. PP-67 72.Jayaswal K.P. PP-69

[p.345]: Here king Praviraka or Pravarsena I Vakataka has been included in list of Nagas who were Kilkila kings. It means he was also a Kilkila Naga king. Kilkila is the name of river near Panna.

This gets confirmation from Vishnu Purana73 :

Tesuchchha nneśukailkilā yavanā bhūpatayo bhavishyanti
mūrdhābhiśikta steśāņ vindhya shaktih (16)

Meaning: Kilkila Yavanas will be the kings...The chief of whom will be Vindhya Shakti (the appellation of Yavana is for non-Aryan as amended later by the scholars). Here the king Vindhya Shakti has been called Kil-Kila Nag and non-Aryan both.

These Kilkila Nagas were earlier related to Vidisa known as Vidisa-Vrisha. This view is supported by another statement of K.P. Jayaswal. He writes,74 "The Puranas in detailing the rise of Vindhyashakti state that Vindhya Shakti arose from the Kilkila kings. Here it is clear that Puranas mean the Nagas who at that time were prominently connected with Kil-kila as their name changes from Vidisa- Vrisha to Kil-Kila Vrisha." eg Vayu (358-370)

tachuchhanena cha kālena tatah kilakilāh-vrishah
tatah k(a)ilakilebhyaś cha vindhya saktir bhavish yati
(braharnanda verses j 78-179)
vrishān vaidesakāmś chāpi bhavishyāmś chanibodhata"

It is obvious these Kila-Kila Nagas were earlier known as Vidisa Vrisha and later Kila-Kila Vrisha. It means they were earlier ruler of Vidisa. Hence it is proved finally that Vakatakas were offshoots of Vidisa Nagas.

73. V.P. (Wilson) Ch. XXIV Part II P-656 74.Jayaswal K.P. PP-69

List of Kings of Vakataka dynasty (250s–500s CE)

Pedigree of Vakatakas[10]

The Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch

The Vatsagulma branch

References

  1. ↑ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (i). ISBN 0226742210.
  2. ↑ Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India/General Index of Nagas, The Ancient Rulers of India, p.338
  3. ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.838
  4. ↑ Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India, p.342
  5. ↑ Tej Ram Sharma:Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions, pp. 16-17
  6. ↑ B.G. Gokhale, Samudragupta, Life and Times, pp. 25-26.
  7. ↑ Tej Ram Sharma:Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions, pp. 16-17
  8. ↑ B.G. Gokhale, Samudragupta, Life and Times, pp. 25-26.
  9. ↑ Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India/General Index of Nagas, The Ancient Rulers of India,pp.344-345
  10. ↑ Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India/General Index of Nagas, The Ancient Rulers of India, p.338
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