An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan/Page 76-100

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An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan

By H. W. Bellew

The Oriental University Institute, Woking, 1891

Ethnology of Afghanistan:Page 76-100

Presence of Greek tribal names

[Page-76]: Makedonians in these parts, and later on were joined by them in the possession of the soil as naturalized fellow-countrymen ; this much we may infer from history, and the inference is confirmed by the prevalence of Greek tribal names amongst their clans.

Assakenoi

Assakenoi are now represented by the Yaskun of Chitral and Yasin, and by the Swati probably of Hazarah Pakli. In the early part of the thirteenth century, when occupied by the camp of Changiz Khan, the Swat and Bajaur country was called Swati Gabari, from the dominant Gabari tribe before mentioned ; but since the conquest of this tract by the Yusufzi, in the latter part of the next century, the Gabari have almost entirely left the country and migrated to the Dardu districts along the banks of the Indus about Koli, Palas, etc., known as Gabrial, or Gabari country ; and at the same period probably the Yaskun migrated from Bajaur to Chitral and Yasin, whilst those of Swat migrated across the Indus to Pakli Hazarah under the name of Swati; which is the territorial name given to all the ancient peoples of the Swat country, and includes, besides the Gabari and Yaskun, a number of other petty tribes of Indians.

Thus we see that the ancient Gandhara was occupied, as we learn from the ancient authorities quoted, by Gandarioi, or Gandhari, in the tract between the Kabul and Swat rivers ; by the Astakenoi, or Hashtnagari, on the plain north of the Swat river ; by the Masianoi, or Mashwdnri on the plain north of the Kabul river below the Swat junction ; by the Aspioi, or Isapi in the circling hills and plain at their base from the Swat river round to the Indus; and by the Assakanoi, or Yaskun, in the interior hills. We have seen also that each of these representative ancient tribes still survives amongst the existing inhabitants of the country, and by much the same names and in much the same positions as those assigned to them by the authors quoted ; the modern dominant Yusufzi overshadowing them all. Let us now examine the Yusufzi tribe, and resolve it into its components.

Yusufzi, Kisharan, Daulat

Yusufzi are in two great divisions — Mandanr and Yusuf.

According to the Afghan genealogy, the classification is in this wise —

  • Zamand is the Musalman form of Chawand; during the reign of Chawand Rae Solanki, of Anhalwara, Mahmud Ghaznavi invaded and devastated that country.) Of these again,

[Page-77]: Mandanr, Mandan, or Mandar clans are Usman, Utman, and Rajar. They occupy the Sama, or Plain, of Yusufzai.

  • Mandan is a Brahman tribe also.
  • Kamal is the name of one of the twenty-four principal tribes into which the Turk nation is divided.
  • Ama is said to be another Turk tribe of less celebrity, but is probably of Naga affinity.
  • Karai is a Turk tribe previously mentioned ;
  • Mati we have met before as descendants of Shekh Bet, Batani ;
  • Musa also as the Mysoi of Herodotus in the second satrapy ; they may include Musai, Israelites of the Mosaic religion ; the

Kisharan sections are : —

Allahdad. Baddakhan. Bai. Casim. Dallo. Dehgan. Hamza. Lashkari. Maghdud. Mashwanri. Rustam. Sahu. Shadi. Sultan.

and others of modern Musalman names. Of these,

Bahram. Cabil. Ismail. Mahyar. Mali. Ma'ruf. Mubarak. Paynda. Sangar, etc. Of these,

Ismail

[Page-78]: Ismail sections are : —

Bacal. Bam. Bhalar. Boca. Dorh. Isa. Juna. Sikandar. Suleman. Taos. Urya, etc. Of these,

Aka, Kana, Ali

Aka sections are : —

'Arab. Barham. Bibo. Dadu. Dalazak. Darazi. Dosti. Gujar. Ismail. Jael. Jogi. Juna. Kabul. Kala. Khwaedad. Lai. Mahpalan. Nekbi. Orya. Pirak. Rasul. Sen. Shama. Shahdam, Shekh Mali. Sikandar, etc.

We have met several of these before.

  • Kana sections are : —

Aso. Baro. Bubakar. Chor. Ghulam. Hamil. Hydar. Mitha. Musa. Sama. Shamaki. Sihsada, etc. Of these,

  • Ali sections are : —

Ali. Babu. Baso. Barsim. Bibu. Charanda. Dabi. Hybo. Ismail. Jogi. Kala. Matah. Megi. Opi. Panjpao. Pandu. Paynda. Pira. Sydu. Samo. Umar. Zangi, etc. Of these,

  • Baso stands for Basi, Indian serf or predial slave tribe ;

[Page-79]:

  • Charanda for Charandain a tribe of Hindu religious devotees ; Dabi is a Rajput tribe.


Jallo, Dari

Jallo sections are : —

Aba. Adina. Basi. Baddakhan. Bhalar. Bodila. Brahinn. Casim. Daulat. Dunya. Hoti. Khichi. Mali. Mati. Nasrat. Pandu. Panjpae. Rana. Shahdad. Tajo. Taos. Umar. Yahya. Zakarya.

Of these,

  • Panjpae, or Panjpaynda, stands for Panch Pandu, the "Five Pandu" brothers celebrated in the legends of the Isapzi ;
  • Yahya for Johya Rajput ;

Dari sections are : —

Adam. Aka. Ali. Babu. Balo. Bam.

Bani. Bara. Beri. Bezad. Bodila. Camaral. Cara. Chajo. Dalazak. Darpeza. Dorh. Galoda. Gawar. Hasan. Ja'far. Jallo. Kajo. Kalu. Khodo. Lal. Mada. Mama. Mirdad. Musa. Osi. Sadic. Sargin. Shekhan. Suleman. Turki. Usman. Urya, etc.

Of the above,

Rajar, Yusuf, Bai, Aka

Rajar, or Razar (for Rajwar is a Rajput tribe of the Indian desert ; its sections are : —

Ahmad. Aki. Ako. Bangi. Bahlol. Bazid. Bhalar. Chura. Daud. Duran. Gadae. Gharani. Ghulam. Isap. Khizar. Langar. Malik. Mamu. Mani. Ma'ruf. Mata. Mughal. Nekbakhti. Panjpao. Payndu. Sadin. Sargin. Sharghat. Shamori. Sihsada. Sindi. Umar. Zinda, etc.


Of these,

  • Bangi is a Jat tribe, the same as the Bangi Sikh, and

[Page-80]: the

Yusuf, or Isap is in five clans — Isa, Musa, Bai, Aka, and Urya.

They occupy the Kohistan, or "Hill Country "of the Yusufzi, or Isap, which is commonly called Yaghistan, or " Independent territory."

Isa, the Musalman form of Asi (for Aswu), sections are : —

Alisher. Aymal. Aypi. Burhan. Dadi. Gadae. Hasan. Hoti. Ilyas. Kika. Kamal. Kamboh. Kanra. Khadin. Khaki. Kotwal. Lughman. Madi. Makho. Mama. Mashu. Musara. Mirahinad. Nasrat. Panjpao. Salar. Sen. Shargha. She. Taju. Taos. Warkam. Wilayati. Ya. Zakarya, etc.

Of these,

Bai (Boioi, Greek) sections are : —

Abu. Barkha. Chaghar. Daulat. Ismail. Isap. Mandi. Nur, etc.

Aka (Akha, Greek, or Aga, Jat, and Aka, Naga) is in two divisions, Gohra and Ranri.

Gohra, Ranri

Gohra sections are : — Aba. Adin. Aka. Ala. Babu. Bahlol. Bai. Barat. Barchi. Bibo. Chamba. Dadi. Darza. Daulat. Jogi. Khwajo. Khwaedad. Lal. Mahpalan. Maruf. Mashrak. Matura. Mita. Musa. Sahel. Sen. Shamo. Shargha. Sibujana. Suleman. Zanka, etc.


Ranri sections are : —

Ali. Azi. Bahram. Dorh. Ghebi. Idal. Jelam. Karah. Khwazo. Lando. Madi. Makha. Mala. Mali. Mardan. Sen. Suleman. Sultan. Umra. Usman. Utman, etc.

Of the above,

[Page-81]:

  • Barchi for Bhareja, mercantile Rajput ;
  • Chamba for Chanpata, Rajput ;
  • Lal for Lar, mercantile Rajput ;
  • Sahel for Sohor mercantile Rajput ;
  • Sibujana for Sipat and Juna, Rajput tribes conjoined. The others have, for the most part, been noticed before.
  • Urya stands for Haraya, Rajput. It has now become greatly reduced in these parts, and is absorbed into the Chagharzi section of the Bai or Baizi above mentioned. The

Chagharzi clan

Chagharzi is a large clan and comprises sections of: —

Arjun. Bai. Baraki. Basi. Chur. Firoz. Juna. Lughman. Mada. Maki. Mandi. Nasar. Nasrat. Ormur. Shakali. Smel. Taosan. Urya, etc.

Of these,

  • Arjun is the name of a Pandu tribe of Yadu Rajput ;
  • Baraki we have before spoken of ; as also of
  • Basi, Indian hereditary serf, or predial slave tribe;
  • Chur may stand for Churya, Indian herdsman tribe. *Juna is a Rajput tribe ;
  • Maki stands for Maku or Makawahana, before noticed.
  • Mada and Mandi are Jat tribes.
  • Ormur is the name given to a sect of religious heretics who created considerable trouble on this border in the reign of the Emperor Akbar, under the denomination of Roshdayan ; Ormur is the Pukhto of the Persian Chiragh-kushan sect, so named from their midnight orgies after the lights were extinguished.
  • Shakali stands for Shakul, Brahman tribe;
  • Smel for Simala, Rajput, commonly met in Afghan sections under the form Ismail.
  • Ghorya and Kand - From the foregoing details of the composition of the Mandanr and Yusuf it appears that the only new elements imported along with them in the invasion before mentioned were the Mandanr (Mandruani of Pliny) from the banks of the Helmand, and the Turk tribes of Kamal ; for the hills and adjoining plain of the modern Yusufzai country were already, and apparently had been so all along, occupied by the Isap and their associated clans. But there were other tribes who invaded this country along with the Mandanr and Yusuf; namely, the Ghorya, or second division of Kand, a name which seems to bear relation to Kandhar and Gandhara. Before proceeding to examine the composition of the Ghorya-khel, we may here conveniently dispose of the remaining divisions of Khakhi, namely, the Makh and Turklanri of the genealogies.
[Page-82]: at the present day, but under the Makh, as an over-name, are classed the Khugiani, and their Chamkani and Laili Vaziri divisions, as previously described.
  • The Turklanri, as before stated, are not of Afghan or Pathan descent, and comprise a mixture of Turk clans, settled principally in the Bajaur country and adjoining Kunar valley. They are included amongst Afghans from having adopted the Pukhto language and Pukhtim, or Pathan, nationality, conforming to the Pukhtunwali, and identifying themselves with the Pathan interests. They represent the Skythian invaders, who deprived the Greeks of Baktria, as mentioned by Strabo.

Mahmand is in two divisions, Darani and Khatuni.

Darani

Darani sections are : —

Aba. Ahmad. Ama. Ayub. Azgar. Babi. Buchal. Dadu. Darbi. Ghazi. Haji. Halim. Haraira. Hasan. Ibrahim. Isa. Jaeli. Jani Beg. Kala. Khojar. Langar. Makh. Mandar. Mando. Marcha. Mati. Musa. Nazal. Nekbi. Nur. Pandiali. Rawal. Sado. Sak. Sarbedal. Suleman. Taraki. Umar. Wall Beg. Yacub ,


Of these,

Chanqiz Khan family, when the empire of the Mughal Tatar in Persia commenced to decline, by one Abdurrazzac, Bashtini ; who at the head of a numerous band of adventurers of all sorts raised the standard of rebellion, and capturing several cities of Khorasan, assumed royalty at Sabzwar, where his dynasty reigned under a succession of twelve princes for only thirty-five years. The national title of the Sarbedal was Dagar. The last Sarbedal prince, Amir Khwaja Abi Muyad, attached himself to Tamer-lane, when he entered Khorasan in 1380 A.D., and was treated by that conqueror with favour.

[Page-83]: plural form of Torki, or Tuarki, Yadu Rajput. The others have been before noticed.

Khatuni

Khatuni sections are : —


Abbas*. Ahmad+. Aka*. Ali. Atara+. Baci. Bai. Bakhtyar+. Barak*. Barwid+. Bayan*. Bota. Casim+. Daulat+. Gandao. Ghori*. Hado. Haji. Hydar+. Isa. Ismail. Janga. Koko. Katasar. Khwajo. Kodin+. Kotak+. Mahyar. Maina+. Mita. Musa. Pash+. Rami. Razar. Sanjar+. Sarah. Shani. Sihpah. Suleman. Tana. Umar. Urya. Usman. Yahya. Yusuf. Zakarya, etc.

Kara Khitai dynasty by Barak Hajib

Of these, the over-name Khatuni means "the Queen's tribe," and refers apparently to Maryam (Mary), the daughter of Khwaja Mubarak, the son and successor of the Barak Hajib, who founded the Kara Khitai dynasty, which reigned, under a succession of nine princes, according to D'Herbelot, for a period of eighty-two years in the Kirman and Suran provinces of the Indus valley, as dependents of the Mughal Tatar princes of the Changiz Khan family in Khorasan ; for of the above sections those marked * are collectively styled Maryamzi, "Mary's clan." Of the other sections, those marked + are collectively styled Masturazi or "Mastura clan." With reference to what has been said before of the Baraki tribe, and the derivation of the Barakzi reigning tribe of Afghanistan from them, I may here note what D'Herbelot says, on the authority of the Nigaristan, regarding the Barak Hajib above mentioned. He says to the effect that Barak Hajib, first Sultan of the Kara Khitai (of the Kirman dynasty), of which country he was a native, was sent by the king of the Mogol (of Kashghar and Zunghar, the Kara Khitai country), as ambassador to Sultan Muhammad Khirizm Shah, who, recognising his superior abilities, detained him in his own service, and appointed him to the post of Hajib, or "Chamberlain." On this the Khirizm Shahi Vazir, becoming jealous, so vexed Barak Hajib that he quitted the court and retired to Sultan Muhammad's son Jalaluddin, who held the province ofGhazni, and commanded in India. To reach him, Barak Hajib had to pass through the province of Kirman (on the Kuram river), of which Shuja-'uddin Ruzen (probably of the Rosya Chohan Rajput tribe, prior to the adoption of Islam) was governor on the part of the Kharizm Shah. This governor, desirous of possessing the beautiful women in the harem of the Hajib, who travelled with all his family and dependents, barred the road against him. Barak's people being few, he adopted the stratagem of putting all his women into men's clothes, and so boldly advancing, confronted the governor,

[Page-84]: who, not expecting to find so many men with Barak (who was probably assisted by some of his Baraki kindred in the adjoining Logar district through which his road lay), lost courage, and in the conflict which ensued not only was defeated, but also taken prisoner, and deprived of his government. Thus commenced the power of this prince ; for Barak Hajib having thus installed him self in the government of Kirman, he gradually became absolute master of the country, and declared himself independent. The Sultan Muhammad no longer regarded him as his officer, for he gave him his own mother, who was still young, in marriage ; and one day, by way of familiarity or banter, said to him, Who has elevated you to this high degree of honour in which you now find yourself ? " To which Barak proudly replied :

" It is he who has deprived the Samani of their kingdom to give it to one of their slaves, namely, to Sabaktakin, first prince of the Ghaznavi dynasty, and who has similarly despoiled the Saljuki of their empire to confer it on their slaves, who are the Kharizmi, your ancestors."

Barak had eight successors in his principality, of whom his son Mubarak Khwaja was the first ; for he left his government to him after a reign of eleven years in 632 h. (commenced 6th of October, 1234 AD). The Kharizm Shahi dynasty being extinguished by the Moghol, Barak Khan so gained the good will of Oktai, son and successor of Changiz, that he not only maintained him in his principality, but also greatly augmented its extent. His son Mubarak Khwaja (called Ruku-uddin Khwaja Hacc by Khondamir) had four sisters named Sunij, Ya'cut, Khan, and Maryam, each with the title Turkan, who all married into the principal Moghal families. The dynasty founded by Barak Hajib is that known as the Kara Khitai dynasty of Kirman. There were nine princes of this dynasty, who reigned from 1224 to 1306 A.D., a period of eighty-two years ; they were

  • Barak Hajib, eleven years;
  • Mubarak Khwaza, his son, six years ;
  • Sultan Cutbuddin, nephew of Barak, eight years ;
  • Hajaj, son of Cutbuddin (being a minor, his mother-in-law governed for him), twelve years ;
  • Siurghatmish, son of Cutbuddin, nine years ;
  • Padshah Khatun daughter of Cutbuddin ;
  • Shah Jahan, son of Siurghatmish ;
  • Muhammad Shah, son of HajAj.

Of the Khatuni sections above named,

Daud, Khalil, Arni, Khani, Khoja

Daud sections are : —

Ali. Babu. Bazid. Bibi. Bhagal. Husen. Mamur. Mandar. Neko. Tajo. Yunus. Yusuf, etc.

[Page-85]: Of the above,

The others have been previously explained.

Khalil sections are : —

Aco. Aka. Baru. Mati. Mashi. Nur. Sak. Salar. Turk, and others of Musalman nomenclature. The above names have been before explained, except

Arni or Arani sections are : —

Barham. Camar. Darya. Dreplara. Husen. Khuki. Lashkari. Nasar. Taoki, etc.

Khani sections are : —

Ambarak. Balajawa. Gorga. Jamal. Madi. Mamut. Mustafa. Shero. Sultan. Tola.

Khoja sections are : —

Dari. Hakim. Gulsher. Fatah. Jalal. Langar. Mirza. Shomi. Wali, etc.

Of the above names,

Zirani stands for Jiran, mercantile Rajput ; is not now known in Afghanistan as a separate territorial tribe ; but scattered fami-

[Page-86]: lies of Zirani or Jirani are found amongst the Tajik of Nangrahar, or Jalalabad, district, west of the Khybar.

Mahmand (Great Mand), Daud

The Mahmand — the "Great Mand" — whose composition we have above seen, is a great tribe, or people, and are most largely found in the coast districts north of Bombay. In Afghanistan they are now principally settled in the Peshawar district, and in the independent hill tract lying between the Kabul and Swat rivers ; but there is still a remnant of the tribe left in their ancient seats about Kandahar, in Mand-Hisar and the adjacent villages, where they represent the Mandruani of Pliny, and have given their name to the Helmand river. In Europe they are represented by the modem Wend of the Austrian dominion. Of the hill Mahmand, on the Peshawar border, a large division is called Pandiali, after the district they inhabit ; but the largest division is called Bai, or Baizi, and reckoned at sixteen thousand families. Their chief town is Goshta, and they are said to be an orderly and intelligent people, exhibiting many haracteristics of Indian affinity. The Bai we have seen appearing in the sections of several of the Mandanr and Yusuf clans, and shall find them presently in Kohat, just in the country formerly held by the Greeks, as a flourishing settlement and important strategical position between India and Baktria.

Daud, or Daudzi, are evidently a branch of the same people as the Daudputra of Bahawalpur. Daudzi and Daudputra — sons of David — are Musalman transformations (Pukhto and Hindi respectively) of the ancient Indian name Dadi or Dadika of which people we shall speak presently. Adjoining the Daudzi, in the Hashtnagar district, is another branch of the Mahmand called Muhammadzi ; and beyond them in the hills are the Utman-khel, or Utman tribe. They are quite distinct from the Utman clans above described, and occupy the hills on both banks of the Swat river from the Kohi Mor to the Khanora mountains, and are situated between the hill Mahmand and the Ranrizi. They are said to have been brought from the Ghor country, and planted here as a military colony by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, in the early part of the eleventh century. They represent the Utoi of Herodotus before mentioned.

Utman

Utman-khel sections are : —

Aka. Ali. Asil. Baddo. Ballo. Bura. Ghazi. Isa. Kamar. Kurush. Mada. Mughal. Mandal. Sarkani. Sami. Shamo. Shino. Tirahi. Tori. Umar. Za.

Of the above names,


[Page-87]:

  • Utman division of Mandanr, above described, and commonly designated Utman-nama, occupies the southern slopes of Mahaban mountain on the west bank of the Indus, jointly with the Gadun or Jadun tribe.

Gadun, Salar, Mansur

Gadun represent the great Yadu tribe, which, according to Tod ("Annals of Rajasthan"), was the most illustrious of all the tribes of Ind." Their name became the patronymic of the descendants of Budha, progenitor of the Lunar race. Their early seat in these parts was in the Jadu Ka Dang, or " Hills of the Yadu," in the Jelam Salt range ; whence they passed a great colony into Zabulistan, where they founded the city of Gajni (modern Ghazni), and "peopled those countries even to Samarkand." In the Zabul country they adopted the name of Bhatti (whence the Afghan Batani perhaps). Another branch of the Yadu, which settled in Siwistan (modern Sibi) under the name of Jareja, also changed their cognomen, and adopted as their patronymic the title of their illustrious ancestor Hari, or Krishna, who was styled Sama, or Shama, on account of his dark complexion. Since their conversion to Islam this name has been changed to Jam which is the title of the petty Jareja princes of Las Bela in Balochistan.

The Gadun of Mahaban are a branch of the Gadun, or Jadun, of Pakli in Hazarah (Abhisara of Sanskrit) on the opposite side of the Indus, where they are settled along the Dorh river (whence the Dorvabhisara of the Rajataringini) as far as the Urash plain ; perhaps a former seat of the Urash, Wurash, Borish, or Biorisha tribe of Rajput.

The Mahaban Gadun are in two divisions — Salar and Mansur.

[Page-88]:

Salar sections are : —

Adin. Ali. Alisher. Ato. Calandar. Casim. Daulat. Gawar. Isa. Khwajo. Mati. Salar. Shaha. Suleman. Ud. Umar.


Mansur sections are : —

Bara. Camar. Daulat. Dod. Dono. Ghori. Ido. Isa. Ismail. Khidar. Kuram. Musa. Paryana. Sheb. Tura. Umar. Zakarya, etc.

Of these names,

  • Alisher is often met among the sections of many of the Afghan tribes on the Indus border, and seems to be connected with the celebrated prince of that name who ruled over Khorasan towards the close of the fifteenth century. Amir Alisher, Nizam ud daula, had collected a large library at Herat (says D'Herbelot), of which he gave the charge to Khondamir, the historian.

Numerous and mixed population

Besides the organized tribes of the Yusufzi above described, there exists amongst them a very numerous and mixed population of servile and dependent classes, almost entirely of Indian origin, and collectively denominated Hindki. They are all Musalmans, and include the various artisan and labouring classes, musicians, watchmen, sweepers, etc., etc. They are for the most part attached to the soil, and although they now have no possession in it, they cling to their native country, whatever the changes in, its proprietors, conquerors, and rulers.

The Hindki represent the Sudra caste of Hindu, and are common all along the Indus border as dependents, vassals, and menials of the Afghan and Pathan tribesmen.

There is also a numerous priestly class, comprising different orders, mostly hereditary, who are supported by the voluntary contributions of the tribesmen, either in grants of land, or allowances of food, tithes, etc. Such as the Sayid, Pir, [ Mulla]], Myan, etc.

There are also some Kashmiri and Gujar, together with other Musalman straylings, and some considerable colonies of the Khattak tribe, to be noticed presently.

And lastly, but in very varying proportion in different parts, a certain number of unconverted Hindu traders and shopkeepers, who manage all the banking and trade of the country, etc., and retain their idolatrous religion under certain restrictions against its public observance.

The servile classes, and those without share in the land, are

[Page-89]: denominated Fakir and Hamsayah, and slaves are called Mrae, This completes our survey of the tribes now inhabiting the country of the ancient Gandarioi of Herodotus.


Adjoining to the south is the country of the ancient Aparytai the modern Afridi. For the purpose of this inquiry we may consider this country as comprising the whole of the eastern spurs and southern slopes of Sufed Koh, and that portion of the eastern slopes of the Suleman range which is drained by the Kuram river. Towards the east it is bounded by the Indus in that portion of its course included between the junctions with it of the Kabul and Kuram rivers ; and it is separated from the country of the Gandarioi by the Kabul river eastwards of the Khybar range. The tract thus defined includes the Kuram valley and its tributaries, and the Banu, Kohat, and Peshawar districts in British territory. In this extensive area, the Aparytai of Herodotus, a tribe which I have identified as the Afridi of the Khybar hills, were, we may take it, the nation responsible for the payment of tribute to Darius, and were at that period the dominant tribe in this part of the satrapy.

Of the other nations jointly occupying this tract of country with them, Arrian furnishes us with the names of two ; the Thyraioi and [[Arasakoi], against whom Alexander led military expeditions. Of these the Thyraioi are probably the Tirahi of our day, in preference to the Turi of the Kuram valley, who probably came into the country after the cession of the Indus provinces by Seleukus Nikator to Sandrakottos, as before mentioned. The Arasakoi are surely represented by the modern Orakzi, Anciently these tribes no doubt extended over a wider area than they at present occupy ; and their positions also have been a good deal shifted by the intrusion of other tribes at later periods.

Of the tribes now found in the area above defined, the most important and numerous are the -

Afridi, Orakzi, Khuttak, Bangash, Turi, Jali, Mangal, Shinwari, and Tirahi.

And amongst them is found a dependent or servile population similar to that described as dwelling amongst the Yusufzi, under the denomination of Hindki fakir and Hamsaya. Let us now investigate the composition of the tribes above named.

Afridi, Dalazak

Afridi, or Apartoai, the Aparytai of Herodotus, anciently occupied, we may take it, all the country south of the Kabul river from the Khybar range inclusive to the Indus, and as far south as Kalabagh and Bahadur-khel salt mines. At the present day they are confined to the hills about Peshawar city — to the western half of the Charhat (Cherat) range, the Kohat and Khybar passes, and the hills north of the Mulaghar spur of the Rajgal peak of Sufed Koh, and are reckoned at about thirty thousand families. In the Afghan genealogies the Afridi are

[Page-90]: classed in the Kaki division of the Karai, Kararai, Kararani, or Karalanri branch of the Ghurghushti Afghan, along with the Khattak, Jadran, Utman, Khugiani, Shitak, Suleman, etc. The Karalanri is the same as the Turklanri, and comprises the two divisions of Kodi and Kaki ; of which the Kaki (perhaps the same as Kuki, a Naga tribe to be presently noticed), comprises the tribes above named ; and Kodi comprises the Dalahzak, Orakzi, Musa, Mangal, Tori, Hanni, Wardak, etc. The Afridi are said, by native accounts, to have been driven out of the plain country by the Dalahzak tribe, which was formerly very numerous and powerful, and the first tribe which penetrated from Kabul through the Khybar Pass into the Peshawar district, at that time called Bagram, after the name of its capital (the site of which is now covered by the British cantonment at Peshawar), which they seized from the Raja of Lahore, together with all the country up to the Indus, crossing which river they extended their conquests far to its eastward. They sent a strong contingent of their clans- men with the army of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in his expedition against Somnath, At the time of the Dalazak invasion, this part of eastern Afghanistan, the Peshawar valley and both banks of the Indus, was occupied by the Sur Kafir, or Surkh Kafir " the Red Infidels," supposed to be descendants of the Greeks who formerly held the whole country from Kabul to the river Jelam, or Jhelam, but probably including Surya or Surajbansi Rajput as well. These the Dalazak, who are said to be a Turk tribe in the following of Mahmud Ghaznavi, or of his father the celebrated Sabaktakin (but more likely a clan of the Jata Skythians, who dispossessed the Greeks), gradually forced out of the plain country up into the hills around, and mainly into the highlands of Swat and Boner, and the Khybar hills. The Dalahzak maintained their prosperity and renown to the time of Mikza Ulugh Beg, governor of Kabul — 1520-1545 A.D. — when they were dispossessed and expelled the country to the east bank of the Indus, to Chach and Pakli, by the Yusufzi and Ghorya tribes, as before described. In these parts (Chach Hazarah) the Dalazak having revolted against the Mughal government of Delhi, the Emperor Jahangir, 1546 A.D., sent an army to reduce them ; and the greater part of the tribe which survived the campaign, was deported to Hindustan, and dispersed in various parts of Central India and the Dakhan. There is a small colony of the descendants of these Dalazak in the Dholpur Rajput State ; and small clusters of the tribe are found also scattered all over the Chach, Hazarah, and Pakli districts, as well as in the Boner hills, and in Peshawar itself.

The Dalahzak, or Dalazak— "The Great Zak "— of Pakli and Boner have the following sections : —

[Page-91]:

Ama. Bori*. Mando*. Mani. Motik. Samar*. Sunni. Umar*. Vatak*. Yasin. Zakarya*, etc.

Of these those marked * are Rajput and Indian, as already explained in previous passages.

The Afridi, according to their own accounts, were brought from the Ghor country and planted in their present seats by Mahmud Ghaznavi as military colonists for the defence of the Khybar passes. And they were reinforced by a fresh colony from the same quarter some two centuries later, planted here by Shahabuddin Ghori. They claim descent from one Kaberai by his wife Mymana ; which means apparently that they were Karai or Garay Turk of the Mymana country, adjacent to the existing Karai Turk settlements in the Khorasan hills south of Mashhad.

The Afridi have few villages and no tents, but live mostly in movable huts of matting and wicker frames, and also largely in caves. They are a notoriously redatory and warlike people, of lean, wiry build, keen eyes, and hungry features, of light complexion, but not of fine physique.

Afridi's five divisions

The Afridi are in five divisions : — 1.Mita. 2.Adam. 3.Ula. 4.Aka. 5.Miri.

1.Mita. With the exception of a small colony in the Takhal, or Takal, and adjacent villages around Peshawar city, the Mita are not now known in Afghanistan as a separate clan ; most of them having been deported to Hindostan by the Emperor Jahangir, and settled chiefly about Hydrabad in the Dakhan ; and others having emigrated at different times to the Rajput States of Central India ; some are said to have settled at Panipat near Delhi.

2.Adam. The Adam-khel is a large and important clan of the Afridi, and is reckoned at four thousand families ; and is largely engaged in the salt trade between the Kohat mines and the high-lands to the north and west beyond the British border. The Adam-khel occupy the Kohat and Charhat hills, and are quite distinct in location, habits, and interests from the other Afridi clans, and belong to neither the Samal nor Gar factions, but join either as found expedient at the moment. They are in three divisions, — Hasan, Jawaki, and Gali, which are collectively styled Katori ; so that the whole of the Adam-khel are Katori, which is the name of a celebrated Jata tribe.

Hasan sections are : —

Akhor. Ali. Aparidi. Asho*. Juna*. Kala*. Myami. Shaho. Zako, etc.

Jawaki sections (Jawa-ki = "of Jawa," the name of a southern spur or bluff of Sufed Koh) are : —

[Page-92]:

Ata. Aytam. Bibi*. Daulat. Godi*. Hasto*. Pae*. Seni*. Yaghi*. Mahwal*.

Gali sections (Gali may be Gaeli Kurd) are : —

Bakal*. Bosti. Darbi*. Firoz. Miri*. Mula*. Nekzan. Sharaki* Zarghun, etc.

Of the above, those marked * are Rajput and Indian, as before explained.

  • Akhor, or Akor, means the house or family of A ; they are sometimes called A-khel. It is to be noted, however, that
  • Khor is the name of a Brahman tribe of northern India ; and that the word Khor is added to the names of many of the sections of the Hill Mahmand of Pandiali, etc.
  • Aparidi represents the ancient Aparytai,
  • Asho represents Indian Ashyag, the Achi or Achak Durani.
  • Zarghun means green fresh (Pukhto).

3.Ula is in six divisions: — Malikdin, Kambar, Kamar, Kuki (which are collectively styled Firoz-khel), Sipah, and Zakha.

Malikdin sections (Samal in politics) are :—

Alae. Darba*. Daulat. Janda. Japar*. Juna*. Kalu. Karamna. Kati*. Mata. Miri. Nasrat. Nato. Ranra*. Shahi. Umar*, etc.

Kambar sections (Gar in politics) are : —

Ali. Anae. Bori. Darbi. Matkhan. Miran. Nekzan. Pabi. Pakhai. Shan. Shekhmal. Surani. Tar. Watar. Zana, etc.

Kamar sections (Samal) are : —

Ababakar. Abdal. Aymal. Iskandar. Kharogi. Khudadad. Kurmana. Landi. Mata. Paynda. Torkal. Zakha. etc.

Kuki sections (Gar) are : —

Abdal. Bari. Gali. Kati. Madar. Mado. Maku. Mashi. Miran. Paridi. Sherkhan. Sikandar. Tuar. Wali, etc.

Sipah sections (Samal) are : —

Ababakar. Abdal. Baghdad. Drewandi. Ghebi. Hormuz. Jawaki. Karo. Landi. Suran. etc.


Zakha sections (Samal) are : —

Anae. Bari. Khasrogi. Mohib. Nasruddin. Pakhai. Paynda. Shan. Zaoddin, etc.

Of the above names,

  • Malikdin-khel means " those of the king's religion ;
  • Daulat-khel, "servants of the State (Daulat), of Sultan Mahmud.

[Page-93]:

  • Miri-khel, "dependents of the king's palace" (Miri = Hill-castle).
  • Shahu-khel; "the king's serfs."

Those marked * are Rajput and Indian tribes, and have been previously noticed.

  • Shekhmal stands for Sri Mal, mercantile Rajput, and comprises subdivisions of Bash-khel, Nazar-beg, Mirza-beg, and Vali-beg; titles indicating later arrivals, probably in the time of Tamerlane by whom, it is said, the title of Beg was first introduced into India.
  • Surani for Sura Chohan, who gave their name (Suran, pl. of Sura or Sur) to the Suran province, drained by the Gomal river, and of which the Banu district (British) forms part.
  • Kamar, is another name of the Jetwa Rajput, and distinct from the Kambar above mentioned, the two belonging to opposite factions (Samal and Gar).
  • Aymal may stand for Sri Mal, mercantile Rajput,
  • Kuki is a Naga clan of very ancient date in these parts.
  • Sipah, perhaps, represents a military force planted here as colonists by the Sultan Mahmud.
  • Drewandi means " three bands or companies."
  • Hormuz and Baghdad are well-known cities, and perhaps the homes whence came the tribes bearing those names.

[Page-94]:

  • Karo appears among the sections of some other Pathan tribes, and may stand for Kaori Greek, or for Lydians (Carians).

Aka sections (Samal) are : —

Basi. Isa. Karerai. Kati. Mada. Maruf. Miri. Sanjar. Sher. Sultan, etc.

Of these,

  • Basi may stand for the Indian Basi or predial slave of the Rajput landlord ; or for the Bessi of Pliny, a nation of Paionia, many of whose tribes dwelt on the banks of the Strymon at the base of Mount Haimus, the modern Balkan range.
  • Karerai is the Karai Turk.
  • Sultan is a Hindu tribe of the Indian desert.

The others we have met before.

Miri, or Meri, is an Indian tribe, and the same as Miran, after whom Miranzai district (British) is named. The Miri do not now exist here as a separate tribe, but are incorporated with the Malikdin and Aka as above shown. This completes our examination into the composition of the Afridi tribe. Adjoining them on the south are the Orakzi, whom I have identified in a preceding passage with the Arasakoi of Arrian.

Orakzi, Tirahi,

The Orakzi are separated from the Afridi by the Mulaghar range, which is the watershed between the Bara and Tirah rivers, the former draining the Afridi country, the latter that of the Orakzi. But before describing the Orakzi, it will be more convenient first to dispose of the Tirahi, whose ancient country they now occupy, and also of the Shinwari, amongst whom the Tirahi are now principally settled.

Tirahi I recognise as the Thyraioi of Arrian in preference to the Turi of Kuram, their near neighbours, and also an anciently settled people in these parts ; because, from Arrian's account, brief as it is, the Thyraioi appear to have occupied the country north of Sufed Koh, and on both banks of the Kophenes (Kabul river), which is the tract in which the Tirahi are still most numerously found ; whilst the Turi of Kuram are altogether on the south of Sufed Koh, and do not appear to have had settlements on the north of that range. The Tirahi are a fairer skinned people than the Turi, and speak also a dialect of their own, called Tirahi ; but they do not now exist in Afghanistan as a separate territorial tribe. Their ancient country, now called Tirah, is inhabited by the Orakzi, and comprises the Masturi and Khanki valleys, which drain the country lying between the Mulaghar spur and the Samanaghar range, this last separating the Tirah country from

[Page-95]: the Kuram valley and Zaimukht tribe. Formerly the Tirah country, it would seem, extended over a much wider area both to the south and north of the eastern offshoots of Sufed Koh ; for the Tiri district south of Miranzai, now inhabited by Khattak, and that of Tirgari on the Kabul river, where joined by the united streams of the Alishang and Alingar, probably derive their names from the Tirahi. It was probably in the Tirgari district that Alexander first came into contact with the Thyraioi, At the present day the chief seat of the Tirahi is in the Kotrud — "Castle- river " — valley of the Shinwari country in Nangrahar, or Jalalabad district ; and it was probably here, in the Nazyan valley, that Alexander took and destroyed the double-walled town where he was wounded ; from which he then marched to Andaka, as before related. In the Nazyan valley (Kotrud) the Tirahi are reckoned at two thousand families, and there are about as many in the Peshawar district, where they are scattered in small clusters amongst the general population ; they are found also in most parts of Lughman, scattered about amongst the Tajik, along with whom they are reckoned of common descent by the Afghan. They are not now found in the Tirah country, which is occupied entirely by the Orakzi, who formerly dwelt in the plain country of Kohat and Miranzai.

Shinwari

Of the Shinwari tribe, amongst whom the Tirahi now have their chief settlement, very little is known in regard to their origin and antecedents.

The Shinwari are by some supposed to be of modern Albanian descent, and to have been settled in their present occupancy in the Nazyan valley by Nadir Shah so late as the middle of last century only, as a guard over the western entrance to the Khybar Pass, since which time their original name of Shirwani has become corrupted to Shinwari. The people themselves have no suspicion even of such an origin, nor do they exhibit a single trace referring them to such a source. Their language is the Pukhto, and their manners and occupations in conformity with those of the Pathan. The colony of twelve thousand Kizilbash Turkman, planted by Nadir Shah at Kabul, as he advanced into India, retain their identity in its integrity ; they speak Turki among themselves, but use the Persian language in current business, and adhere strictly to the Persian sect of Muhammadans — the Shia' — though in the midst of a hostile and bigoted population of the Sunni sect. The Shinwari are probably the Sanobari, or Sinawari Indians of Rajput descent. They occupy the northern slopes and base of Sufed Koh from the Khybar Pass westward to the Mazinan valley, where they meet the Khugiani tribe (Hygenmi of Herodotus) before mentioned ; they have also a considerable colony in the Kaoshan valley of Hindu Kush, and another of,

[Page-96]: Smaller strength in the Shaegal, or Saigal, valley of Kafiristan, draining to the Kunar river. The Shinwari are reckoned at fifteen thousand families, and are largely engaged as muleteers, breeding large numbers of mules for their carrying trade. The Shinwari are in four divisions, called Sangu, Mandu, Sipah, and Alisher. The Sangu-khel and Mandu-khel are ancient occupants, clans perhaps of the Thyraioi ; the

  • Sangu may be the tribe of the Sangarius to whom Hephaistion gave the charge of the city he took from Astes (of the Hasto-khel of the Jawaki Afridi), as related in a preceding page. The
  • Mandu we have frequently met before ; they are part of the great Mand tribe of the Jata, and of the same origin as the Wend of Europe.
  • Sipah and Alisherzi appear to be later arrivals, as has been before noted.
  • Orakzi (Arasakoi of Arrian) formerly occupied Kohat and Miranzai districts, whence they have been driven up into the hills of Tirah, first by the Khattak and then by the Bangash, some six or seven hundred years ago by the former, and four hundred and fifty or so by the latter, according to native accounts. The Orakzi are reckoned at thirty thousand families, partly Sunni and partly Shia' in religion, and partly Samal and partly Gar in politics. Some of their clans are not acknowledged as genuine Orakzi ; these adopted clans are the Meshti, Ali, and Shekhan.
  • Meshti in Pukhio means "inhabitants, dwellers", and may refer to the ancient occupants prior to the Orakzi invasion ; the Meshti sections are Mama, a Brahman tribe ; Dadi, an Indian tribe to be noticed later on when speaking of the Dadikai of Herodotus; Hydar, and others with Musalman names. The
  • Ali, which I take to represent Aioloi Greek, form sections of several of the Pathan tribes in this part of Afghanistan, and have given their name to a considerable district at the head waters of the Kuram river (Alikhel) ; their sections are Akhtan, Brahim, Ganda, Mastura, Sokri, etc., of which
  • Shekhan is the plural of Shekh, the title given in India to converts to Islam ; their sections are — Marra, Mula, Rangin, etc. These three adopted tribes are all Sunni and Samal, excepting Ali, which is Gar ; they are reckoned among the Hamsayah or "dependents," and are said to exceed ten thousand families, or a third of the Orakzi tribe. The Orakzi speak a dialect of Pukhto peculiar to themselves, and more divergent from the ordinary Pukhto of Yusufzai than that spoken by the Afridi ; they are much divided amongst themselves by family feuds ; they are in

[Page-97]: four divisions, including the Hamsayah above described; viz., Daulat, Ismail, Lashkar.

Daulat sections are : —

Abdulaziz. Bar Muhammad. Bazoti. Mani. Sipah. Usturi. Utman. Firoz, etc.

Of these, the Utman and Firoz are Samal and Sunni ; the others are all Gar and Shia', except Bazoti and Usturi both Sunni.

Ismail sections (all Sunni)'are : —

Aka. Brahim. Isa. Khadi*. Muhammad. Mama. Masu*. Rabya*. Sada.etc.

Of these, those marked * are Samal, the other Gar.

Lashkar sections (all Sunni and Gar) are : —

Alisher. Aya. Mamu. Pari. Salar. Tagha, etc.

Of the above,

  • Mani may stand for Manat, mercantile Rajput, or for followers of Mani, the founder of the Manichaeansect of heretics, who were at one time very numerous and troublesome in these parts.
  • Tagha is for Taga Brahman, or for Togh, a clan of the Toghiani (Tokhari) Turk. Adjoining the Orakzi on the west is the Zaimukht, Zwaemukt, or Domusht tribe, said to be a colony of the Tor Tarin tribe, and reckoned at five thousand families. Physically they are a tall manly race, and often as fair and as stoutly built as Englishmen ; being in these respects markedly superior to the tribes around them, from whom they live much isolated in the hills between the Orakzi and the Turi of Kuram,where they have many villages along the banks of the Shakali, Sangroba, and Makhazai, feeders of the Kuram river.

The Zaemukhtl are in two divisions — Khwaedad and Mamu.

Khwaedad or Khudadad (Diodotus) sections are : —

Ali. Barat. Babakar. Husan. Ibrahim. Ismail. Kadam. Karim. Khadir. Mazaki. Mirah. Nekbi. Paynda. Sangu. Tapi. Umar. Zawa, etc.

Of these,

Mamu sections are : —

Balo. Basi. Boghzi. Bostam. Char. Daud. Darani. Dreplara. Kajir. Kamar. Khadi. Kurma. Manatu. Mandan. Mastu. Miro. Paridi. Sapari. Shahi. Uzba. Wati. Yusuf, etc.

Of these,

  • Balo stands for Bala Brahman,
  • Mamu, also called Muhammad, stands for Mama Brahman. *Boghzi for natives of Boghz, on the Kuram river, formerly the capital of the Kirman province, and the Naghz of Babar's Memoirs and Tymur's History ; the present village is surrounded by extensive ruins and fortifi-

[Page-98]: cations.

Turi,Jaji, Mangal

Turi or Tori represent the Tawari or Tuar Rajput, formerly an important tribe in these parts, and a branch of the celebrated Tomar, Tawar, or Tuar Rajput, once a powerful and ruling tribe in India, and to which belonged the last dynasty of Hindu sovereigns who reigned at Delhi, when the Brahman dominion was overthrown by Islam under Shahabuddin Ghori, towards the end of the twelfth century. By some the Turi are said to claim descent from the Khater Rajput, but this name does not appear among their clans or sections. The Turi are a dark-skinned, short, and wiry people, but very active and hardy ; they are said to be skilful and bold riders on horseback, and to observe some customs peculiar to themselves ; they wear their hair long and are scantily clad, and are addicted to a wandering life in tents, within the limits of their country, which formerly extended as far as Torawari in Miranzai. At present they are confined to the Kuram valley and the southern slopes of Sufed Koh, the Balyamin district of Kuram being their principal seat. , Formerly they extended westward of the Pewar ridge to the head waters of the Kuram river ; their Ali clan having given its name to a considerable tract here, called Alikhel, which is now occupied by the Jaji tribe. The Turi are all Shia' Musalmans, and are reckoned at ten thousand families ; they are in five main divisions or clans, collectively styled Panjpadri, "Five Fathers" viz.,— Gundi, Ali, Mastu, Sarghali, and Dopa.

Gundi sections are : — Isa. Mahmud. Rustam. Shamsi. Tani. Yusuf, etc.

Of these,

Ali sections are : — Chugu. Khwaedad. Masu. Mat. Miro. Mula. Shamu, etc.

Of these.

All the other names are Indian.

Mastu sections are : — Azi. Boghzi. Drewandi. Firoz. Juna. Mama. Maro. Mula. Sen. Turkali, etc.

  • Maro stands for Marwari, a native of the Indian desert.

[Page-99]:

Sarghali sections are : — Aka. Badi. Dreplara. Hamza. Jani. Kheshgi. Pari. Sati. Shakur. Spin. etc.

Of these,

Dopa sections are : — Ambar. Daulat. Ja'par. Kachhin. Kevi. Khyro. Pae. Sama. Tare.

Of these,

Jaji tribe - Adjoining the Turi, on the west of the Pewar spur, is the Jaji tribe, reckoned at about five thousand families ; they are Sunni Musalmans, and supposed to be of the same descent as the Mangal, their neighbours in the south-west. They speak the Pukhto and conform to the Pukhtunwali, but are not acknowledged as either Afghan or Pathan, nor Ghilzi, nor Tajik. They are much isolated, and very little is known about them, beyond that they are eternally at feud with the Turi. They may perhaps be the Kara Khitai of Kirman, for nowhere else in this part of Afghanistan are the Kara Khitai to be found by that name. Among the Kara Khitai of Kashghar and Yarkand the cavalry soldier is called Jigit, and the infantry soldier Jaja. It may be that our Jaji represent the descendants of the Jaja soldiery, perhaps planted here as a military colony, of the Kara Khitai princes of the dynasty founded in Kirman (1224 A.D.) by the Barak Hajib before mentioned. This dynasty ruled the provinces of Kirman and Suran (the countries drained by the Kuram and Gomal rivers) as dependents of the Mughal sovereigns of Khorasan and Persia for a period of eighty-two years. On the other hand they may represent Jajothya Brahman.

The Jaji, as we find them, occupy the Alikhel district, drained by the Haryab and Kirya feeders of the Kuram river, and extend westward towards the Shuturgardan range, as far as Jaji thana, or " military post," in the Hazardarakht defile. They are divided

[Page-100]: into eight wan or "companies," viz., Ada, Ahmad, Ali, Bayan, Husen, Lehwanai, Petla, and Shamo.

is its real source.

  • Shamo may stand for the Turk Shamlu, or for the Rajput Shama, another name of the Jareja tribe, Yadu or

Gadun of the Lunar race.

Mangal tribe - Beyond the Jaji, and adjacent also to the Turi, is the Mangal tribe. The Mangal are reckoned at six thousand families, and inhabit the Chamkani valley, south of the Kuram river, and the hills as far west as Machalgu (Bachalgot Rajput tribe) in the Zurmat district of Ghazni. They are said to be of kindred race with the Jaji, and are generally allied with them in politics. They may represent the Mangali (Mangal Barni, or Mang Barni, before mentioned in connection with the Aparni Dahi of Hazarah) of Sultan Jalaluddin Mangali, the celebrated son of Sultan Muhammad Kharizm Shah, whose special government and princely appanage was the province of Ghazni, in which his family, dependents, and followers were settled. Mangali is a common proper name among the Moghol Tatar, and is said by D'Herbelot, to be the Tatar form of the Hebrew Mikail (Michael), a name introduced amongst them in the early centuries of Christianity by Israelites, or by Nestorians. On the other hand, Mangalia is the name of a well-known clan of the Gahlot Rajput, and also of a predatory tribe of the Indian desert ; whilst Mangal is the name of a Khatri tribe. The Mangalia of the Indian desert and Jesalmir appear to be the source of the Mingal of Balochistan, whom we shall meet at a later stage of this inquiry, and they may be the true source also of the Mangal we are now discussing. The Mangal of Kirman are partly agricultural and partly pastoral, and all more or less predatory and independent. They are in five main divisions or clans : —

Miral. Khajuri. Margha. Kamal. Zao.

Of these,

Indian tribe, who have given their name to the Miranzai district of the modern Kohat (British), now occupied by the Bangash tribe, to be presently noticed. Khajuri stands for Khejar Pramara Rajput.

Each of these clans is subdivided into sections, such as — Babu, Darman, Mada, Suleman, etc.

Adjoining the Mangal are the Jadran.

The Jadran are reckoned at ten thousand families, and inhabit

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