Pahal

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Pahal (पहल)[1][2] (पहाल)[3] [4] Paahal (पाहल)[5] Pahil (पहिल)Pahel (पहल) Payal (पायल) Payel (पायेल) Payala (पायला) Payla( पायला) Pahlawat (पहलावत) Palhawat (पहलावत) is same gotra of Jats or Jatt found in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh in India and in Pakistan and Afghanistan and Canada. They were supporters of Johiya Confederacy. [6]O P Dahiya has mentioned it as one of the ruling Jat clans in Central Asia

Origin

They are said to be the descendants of Nagavanshi ancestor Pala (पाल) [7]

History

Pahlava (पह्लव) was a north-western Mahabharata tribe, defeated by Nakula (II.29.15); who joined the Kaurava forces (VI.20.13). [8] The Mahabharata Tribe - Pahlava (पह्लव) may be identified with Jat Gotra - Pahlawat (पहलावत)/Pahal (पहल).

History

This gotra is believed to be originated from place named Pakpattan (पाकपत्तन) in Punjab. [9] There is a large population of Palawat Jats living in 22 villages around Hathras and Mursan.

As per bards these people came from so called village Palakhera in Haryana and moved to Javra village near to Mursan and from here they sepread into villages near Mursan and formed the bayeesi (22) of Palawat clan. Pahals Are Supporter of Johiya Conferdrency

शकस्थान

विजयेन्द्र कुमार माथुर[10] ने लेख किया है कि....शकस्थान शकों का मूल निवास स्थान था जो ईरान के उत्तर-पश्चिमी भाग तथा परिवर्ती प्रदेश में स्थित था. इसे सीस्तान कहा जाता है. शकस्थान का उल्लेख महा-मायूरि 95, मथुरा सिंहस्तंभ-लेख कदंम्बनरेश मयूरशर्मन् के चंद्रवल्ली प्रस्ताव लेख में है. मथुरा-अभिलेख के शब्द हैं-- 'सर्वस सकस्तनस पुयेइ' जिसका अर्थ, कनिंघम के अनुसार 'शकस्तान निवासियों के पुण्यार्थ' है. राय चौधरी (पॉलीटिकल हिस्ट्री ऑफ अनसियन्ट इंडिया, पृ. 526) के मत में शकस्तान ईरान में स्थित था और शकवंशीय चष्टन और रुद्रदामन के पूर्व पुरुष गुजरात-काठियावाड़ में इसी स्थान से आकर बसे थे.

शकों का उल्लेख रामायण ('तैरासीत् संवृताभूमि: शकैर्यवनमिश्रितै:' बालकांड 54,21; 'कांबोजयवनां श्चैव-शकानांपत्तनानिच' किष्किंधा 23,12 महाभारत ('पहलवान् बर्बरांश्चैव किरातान् यवनाञ्छकान्' सभापर्व 32,17); मनुस्मृति (पौण्ड्रकाश्चौड्रद्रविड़ा:कांबोजा यवना: शका:"' 10,44 तथा महाभाष्य (देखें इंडियन एंटिक्ववेरी 1857,पृ.244) आदि ग्रंथों में है.

In Epics

In Mahabharata

Pahlava (पह्लव) was a north-western Mahabharata tribe, defeated by Nakula (II.29.15); who joined the Kaurava forces (VI.20.13).

शारथ्वतश चॊत्तरधूर महात्मा; महेष्वासॊ गौतमश चित्रयॊधी
शकैः किरातैर यवनैः पह्लवैश च; सार्धं चमूम उत्तरतॊ ऽभिपाति (VI.20.13)
The Mahabharata Tribe - Pahlava (पह्लव) may be identified with Jat Gotra - Pahlawat (पहलावत).

In Puranas

The Vayu Purana (47, 44) and the Matsya Purana, (121, 45) mention that:

सान्ध्रान् स्तुखारान् लम्पकान् पह्लवान् दरदान् छकान्
अताञ्जनापदाञ्चक्षु प्लावयन्ती गतोदधिम्

The Chaksu or Oxus river goes to the sea after irrigating the lands of the Sandhrans (Jats) , Tukharas (Takhar Jats), Lampakas (Lamba Jats), Pahlavas (Pehlavi-Iranians) Daradas (of Kashmir) and Chhakans(Chhikara Jats).

Jat Gotras Namesake

  • Pahil (Jat clan) = Pahideva (पाहिदेव), a Kalachuri ruler in Raipur Chhatisgarh, mentioned in 'Raipur Stone Inscription Of Brahmadeva - (Vikrama) Year 1458 (=1402 AD)'. ... The pedigree of Hâjirâja (L.19,20) son Brahmadeva commences in verse 13 (L.18). Hâjirâja seems to have had two sons, Padmanabha (पद्मनाभ) (L.21) and Pahideva (पाहिदेव) (L.22). The former's son was Kanhada (कान्हड़) (L.21) and the latter's, Sivasharman (शिवशर्मन) . Two brothers of Hâjirâja are also named in verses 20 and 21. The elder of them was named Supau(सुपौ) (L.23) and the younger Geyâti (गेयाति) (L.24). The former of these had two sons, Gôlha (गोल्ह) (L.23) and Vishnudâsa. The inscription finally mentions the artisan Nâmadêva (नामदेव).
  • This gotra is believed to be originated from place named Pakpattan (पाकपत्तन) in Punjab. [11]

Mention by Panini

Pala (पल) is mentioned by Panini in Ashtadhyayi. [12]

Pala (पाल), a class of officers, is mentioned by Panini in Ashtadhyayi. [13]

पहलावत खाप

41. पलावत खाप - इस गांव के 22 गांव जनपद अलीगढ़ की तहसील हाथरस में पड़ते हैं जिनमें कोटा, सुसावली, भगतुवा, महामौनी, पद, भाकरी, सरकोरिया मुख्य गांव हैं. इसके अलावा इस खाप में मथुरा के पास राया आदि गांव भी शामिल हैं. इसका जावरा गांव बड़ा प्रसिद्ध है.[14]

Pahlawat Khap

Pahlawat Khap has 22 villages in tahsil Hathras of Hathras district in Uttar Pradesh, Out of them the Main villages are:Kota Hathras (कोटा) , Susawli (सुसावली) , Bhagatua (भगतुआ), Mahamauni (महामौनी), Pad (पद), Bhakari (भाकरी) , Sarkoria (सरकोरिया). Mathura district - Village Raya (राया) . Its village Javra (जावरा) is also famous. [15]

Pahalgam Jammu Kashmir (पहल जाटो का पुराना शहर)

Pahal - The Pahal are a Mulla Jat clan. They were found in Pakpattan Multan Sindh. Like other Mulla Jats, they moved to Pakistan after partition. They are now found mainly in Multan, Sindh Punjab districts.

Village founded By Pahal clan

Mention by Pliny

Pliny[16] mentions Troglodytice....Beyond it is the Port of Isis, distant ten days' rowing from the town of the Adulitæ: myrrh is brought to this port by the Troglodytæ. The two islands before the harbour are called Pseudepylæ18, and those in it, the same in number, are known as Pylæ19; upon one of these there are some stone columns inscribed with unknown characters. Beyond these is the Gulf of Abalites, the island of Diodorus20, and other desert islands; also, on the mainland, a succession of deserts, and then the town of Gaza, and the promontory and port of Mossylum21, to the latter of which cinnamon is brought for exportation: it was thus far that Sesostris led22 his army.

Animation highlighting the Ancestral ethnic Scythian Migration component of the Pahal Jats.

18 The "False Gates."

19 The "Gates."

20 D'Anville and Gosselin think that this is the island known as the French Island.

21 Ansart thinks that this promontory is that known as Cape de Meta, and that the port is at the mouth of the little river called Soul or Soal.

Distribution In Canada

  • Brampton - is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario
  • ਬਰੈਂਪਟਨ - ਕੈਨੇਡੀਅਨ ਸੂਬੇ ਓਨਟਾਰੀਓ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ।
Pahal Jatt Sikhs in Canada

Many Pahal Jatt Sikhs live in Canada and are citizens of Canada. All of them are Punjabis. ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਪਹਿਲ ਜੱਟ ਸਿੱਖ ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਦੇ ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਹਨ। ਇਹ ਸਾਰੇ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਹਨ।

Since last century, they have been settled outside Indian subcontinent like United States of America, Canada, United Kingdom,Australia and other countries.

Afganisthan

Distribution in Pakistan

Punjab

  • Pakpattan(पाकपत्तन)(Urdu:پاکپتن) is a city and district in the Punjab province of Pakistan
  • Muzaffargarh (मुज़फ्फरगढ़), Punjabi, (Urdu: مظفر گڑھ) is a city and District in southwestern Punjab province, Pakistan
  • Dera Ghazi Khan (डेरा ग़ाज़ीखान), Saraiki, (Urdu: ڈیرہ غازی خان) is a city and District in Punjab province, Pakistan.
  • Bahawalpur (बहावलपुर), (Urdu: بہاولپور) is a city in the Punjab province in Pakistan
  • Sargodha (Urdu: سرگودھا) is a city and district of Punjab province Pakistan
  • Multan (मुल्तान), (Punjabi/Urdu: مُلتان) (Múltán) is a city and District in the Punjab province of Pakistan

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

  • Dera Ismail Khan (डेरा इस्माइल खान), (Urdu, Saraiki: ڈیرہ اسماعیل خان, Pashto: ډېره اسماعيل خان), often abbreviated as D. I. Khan, is a city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan.

Kashmir

They came here from Kabul after the end of the Hindu Shahi Empire In Afganisthan(افغانستان)

Bhimber, Kotli, Mankote(Pok)

Rawalpindi

According to 1901 census the Phal Population was 135 in Rawalpindi(راولپنڈی)

Sindh

  • Dadu (Urdu: ضلع دادو) is city and a district of Sindh province, Pakistan
  • Shikarpur (शिकारपुर), (Sindhi: شِڪارپوُرُ), (Urdu: شکارپور) is a city and district in the Sindh province of Pakistan

Balochistan

Distribution in Jammu and Kashmir

100 Pahal Jats Family Living in Jammu

Jammu,Tahra Nagrota,chatha,Simbal Camp,Miran sahib

Kashmir

Pahalgam founded by Pahal Jats

Anantnag, Rainawadi, Srinagar, Pahalgam(Muslim Pahal In Pahalgam) Are Villages And Town in Kashmir District

Distribution in Punjab

Villages in Jalandhar District

Gumtali(100), Phillaur(ਫਿੱਲੋਰ), Mianwal, Jalandhar(ਜਲੰਧਰ), Sangha Jagir, Gumtala, Sagarpur Phillaur, Bhadarpur

Villages in Patiala District

Bahmana Samana,Dakaunda

Pahal population is 1,050 in Patiala district

Village in Sangrur District

Sangrur is a city and district in the Indian state of Punjab

Village in Tarn Taran District

Pahal Wanke named Village in Patti tahsil in Tarn Taran district in Punjab

Village in Kapurthala District

Jatike

Village in Amritsar District

Gumtala Amritsar - Gumtala was a urban area of Amritsar. It is very close to the Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport.It is just 6 k.m. away from Golden Temple

Distribution in Haryana

Palakhera Is old Town of Pahal Jats in Haryana

Villages in Bhiwani district

Mandola,Datoli,Nakipur(100),Shehzmanpur,Loharu

Villages in Jind district

Brah Khurd(1000),Pandu Pindara,Jalalpura Khurd,Khark Bhura, Kaer Kheri

Villages in Jhajjar district

Tumbaheri,Bithla

Villages in Palwal district

Ronija,Ratipur

Villages in Sonipat district

Gumad(900 Pahal Family),Ganaur, Ahulana(1000),Atail Ganaur(350),Nizampur Gohana

Villages in Sirsa district

Madho Singhana,Chautala

Villages in Hisar district

Payal named Village in Hisar tahsil in Hisar district in Haryana

Dabra, Payal Hisar(250), Muzadpur(200), Budak, Ramayan Gaon, Ghirai, Mirzapur Hisar, Nara Hisar

Village in Rohtak district

Ajaib, Garhi Ballab,

Village in Mahendergarh district

Barda Mahendergarh

Village in Fatehabad district

Banawali(बनावली), Parta, Chaubara

Distribution in Rajasthan

Distribution in Alwar District

Khalilpuri is a village in Tijara tahsil of Alwar district in Rajasthan

Locations in Jaipur city

Dhulkot, Harijethi ka Chowk, Khatipura, Tejaji ki Bagichi, Uniyaron ka Rasta,

Villages in Churu district

Bhojrasar, Harpaloo Ramsukh(50), Kalwas, Sadpura,Chandgothi

Villages in Jhunjhunu district

Jhunjhunu has 40+ villages of Pahal(Hindi:Payal) gotra in and around Churu and Sikar

Basawa(बसावा), Birmi(बिरमी)(200), Chirasan, Jaisinghsar(जयसिंहसर), Jhunjhunu, Lodipura(लोदीपुरा) Manota Jatan(मानोता जाटान), Palota(पालोता), Shri Amarpura (श्री अमरपुरा), Shyampura Buhana(श्यामपुरा), Sangasi(सांगासी), Syaloo Kalan(सियालू कलां), Togra Kalan(तोगड़ा कलां)(100), Jhanjhot(झांझोत)(500), Dhadhot Khurd(ढाढोत खुर्द)(200), Khajpur Purana(खाजपुर पुराना), Khinwasar Udaipurwati, Dheendhwa Athoona (धींधवा आथुना), Dheendhwa Nichla(धींधवा निचला), Khudot(खुडोत), Peepli Chirawa, Surajgarh(सुरजगढ), Singhana Sanwlod(सिंघाना), Pilani(पिलानी), Chirawa(चिड़ावा), Mainana(मैनाना), Buhana(बुहाना) , Dabri Baloda(डाबड़ी), Bakra Jhunjhunu(बाकरा), Khetri(खेतड़ी) , Malsisar(मलसीसर झुंझुनू), Nawalgarh(नवलगढ),Udaipurwati(उदयपुरवाटी), Gudha Gourji(गुढ़ा गौड़जी), Mandawa(मंडावा), Bajawa(बजावा), Palari (पालड़ी), Balaran(बळारां),Indali(इण्डाली), Syaloo Khurd(सियालू),Mandela(मांडेला), Dhadhot Kalan(ढाढोत कला)

Villages in Nagaur district

Dugordasa, Jaoli, Khariyawas(100), Ren,Megadand

Villages in Hanumangarh district

Sangariya, Nithrana, Bhadi(40)

Villages in Sikar district

Palri Laxmangarh,

Distribution in Delhi

Mitraon village is located near Najafgarh town in west Delhi

Distribution in Madhya Pradesh

Villages in Gwalior district

Tekanpur

Villages in Mandsaur district

Dalauda

Villages in Ratlam district

Berchha(20),Chikliya,Damottar,Dantodiya,Dhamottar,Dheekwa,Ghatwas,Hanumanpalia,Jharsandala,Kalori khurd,Mundari,Rupa kheda,Sinod,Surana,

Villages in Dhar district

Kanvan Dhar, Sandala,

Distribution in Uttar Pradesh

Villages in Bulandshahr District

Khad Mohan Nagar, Muradabad Sikandrabad(500),Baroda Bulandshahr

Village in aligarh District

pahlawat Khap has 22 village in Hathras tehsil District Aligarh

Kota Hathras, Susawli, Bhagatua, Mahamauni, Pad, Bhakari, Sarkoria, Javra(200),Sadabad,Padu,Nagla Dana,Nagla Rana,Nagla Amra,Nagla Soron,Nagla Hira Singh,Ramgarh Hathras,Bairisala

Large Pahal population in Aligarh district

Village in Mathura district

Raya Mathura

Village in Meerut district

Nagla Gusai

Distribution in Gujarat

Villages in Patan district

Rampura (Jakhel), Sarkarpura, Mota Patan, Joravarganj, Serpura, Eklva, Memdavad, Arjansar, Adhgam, Koida, Zekda, Sinad,

Notable persons

There are many well known people with this Gotra:

Hari Singh Payal
Kiran Pahal
  • Kiran Pahal (born: 5 August 2000)is an Indian athlete from Gumad village inSonipat district of Haryana. She specialises in 400 metres run. She is the second athlete from India to go sub-51sec in 2024
  • Virendra pahal And Mohan pahal From Sonipat Pahal Nutrition is a brand started by two Jat brothers Pahal Brothers. Now their brand has many showrooms in Haryana, Delhi, Western U.P, Rajasthan
  • Ravinder Pahal is an Indian kabaddi player who plays for the team Telugu Titans. Ravinder Pahal was born on 1990-12-07; and as of 2025, he is 35 years old. Ravinder Pahal is a talented defender for the Telugu Titans in the Pro Kabaddi League, where he plays in the Right Corner position from Sonipat
  • Virendra Singh Pahal Bhartiya Kisan majdoor Union प्रदेश महासचिव from Sonipat
  • Padam Singh Albela Pahlawat is a poet from Padu village in Hathras tahsil and district of Uttar Pradesh.
  • Baljeet Payal Jyotish Acharya Lecturer Rajasthan Govt. & Celebrity Astrologer Rajasthan
  • Uttam Pahal:IPS Village Nizampur Gohana District Sonipat
  • Krishan Pahal Administrative Judge for the District Banda Sitting at Allahabad Village Nagla Gusai Meruut
  • हाई कोर्ट के जज बने कृष्ण पहल किसान परिवार से किसान परिवार में जन्मे जिले के निवासी कृष्ण पहल को राष्ट्रपति ने उच न्यायालय इलाहाबाद में जज नियुक्ति किया है।
  • Vinita Pahel DSP, U.P. Police hamirpur JNUite, Stephanian, DAVian Haryana
  • Ombir Singh Pahal - Punjab Police
  • Pardeep Pahal is a senior HR leader and executive mentor with expertise in the OD and talent spaces
  • Pardeep Pahal Book Writer From haryana
  • Major General Gurbir Singh Pahal (1929–1999) emerges as a figure of interest within the Indian Army’s historical narrative, particularly for his service during the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971
  • Choudhary Sankarlal Payla Village - Khariyawas
  • Choudhary Jeevanram Payla - Ex SPG Commando (Special Protection Group). He was posted in the security of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Present Address : Noida Dehli Pin Code - 110025 Mob.no. +919990115163.
  • Kulvinder Pahal - Real Estate Agent at Sutton Group Quantum Realty Inc. Area - Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, Canada.
  • Jeet Pahal - Canada
  • Sandeep Pahal - किसान पुत्र शहीद संदीप पहल 22 फरवरी 2016 को किसान आंदोलन मे शहीद हुए
  • Sanjay Pahal – An Indian Cricketer born in 1993, Sanjay Pahal is a right-arm medium bowler who has represented Haryana in domestic cricket. He made his Twenty20 debut in January 2017 and his List A debut in March 2017.
  • Sandeep Pahal – Indian athlete and national-level player, known in the kabaddi circuit.
  • Rajneesh Pahal – Indian kabaddi player, known for playing in Pro Kabaddi League (PKL).
  • Vikas Pahal – Indian kabaddi player who has played for different teams in PKL.
  • Sunita Pahal Wing Commander – Indian Air Force (Service No. 30251 LGS) was commissioned into the Indian Air Force on 20 December 2008 through the 32 SSC (W) G Course. She was promoted to Squadron Leader on 20 December 2014 and to Wing Commander on 20 December 2021. Her service details are available through the Bharat Rakshak database.
  • Dr. Harbans Lal Pahal (1923–2011) – Economist and Academic. He served as the Vice-Chancellor of Guru Nanak Dev University in Amritsar, Punjab.
  • Professor Lakhbir Singh Pahal – Academic and Social Activist Background: Born on June 14, 1962, in Bet Area V. Jatike, District Kapurthala, Punjab. Profession: Lecturer in the Postgraduate Department of Punjabi at DAV College, Jalandhar.
  • Rajkumar Pahal - Politician
  • Satnam Singh Pahal – Director of S S Pahal Ltd United Kingdom serves as the director of S S Pahal Ltd, a company registered in the United Kingdom. While specific details about the company's operations are limited, Satnam's role indicates involvement in business activities within the UK.
  • Anil Pahal Co-Founder Gemini Solution Pvt Ltd - Gemini Solutions is a global IT firm, a leading offshore outsourcing company with a specialized focus in financial services.
  • Amit Pahal - Prd.Manager Amazon Office - New York, United States of America
  • Sonu Pahal - Squadron Leader Commissioned on 15 December 2012, Squadron Leader Sonu Pahal is a pilot in the Indian Air Force. Further information about his assignments and achievements is not readily available in the public domain. as part of the 190th course and was promoted to the rank of Squadron Leader on December 15, 2018

Gallery of people of this gotra

  • Sardar Jaswant Singh Pahal (1758-1838) was a prominent military commander who played a crucial role in the expansion of the Sikh Empire under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

    Sardar Jaswant Singh Pahal (1758-1838) was a prominent military commander who played a crucial role in the expansion of the Sikh Empire under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

  • Pratap Singh Payal, President Rajasthan Jat Samaj Sansthan (1994-1996)

    Pratap Singh Payal, President Rajasthan Jat Samaj Sansthan (1994-1996)

  • Shahid Hari Singh Payal (Naik) became martyr of militancy at Kupwara in Jammu and Kashmir

    Shahid Hari Singh Payal (Naik) became martyr of militancy at Kupwara in Jammu and Kashmir

  • Major General Gurbir Singh Pahal (1929–1999) He service during the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971

    Major General Gurbir Singh Pahal (1929–1999) He service during the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971

  • Kiran pahal (born: 5 August 2000)is an Indian athlete from Gumad village inSonipat district of Haryana

    Kiran pahal (born: 5 August 2000)is an Indian athlete from Gumad village inSonipat district of Haryana

  • Virendra pahal & Mohan pahal From Sonipat

    Virendra pahal & Mohan pahal From Sonipat

  • Ravindra pahal is an Indian kabaddi player who plays for the team Telugu Titans

    Ravindra pahal is an Indian kabaddi player who plays for the team Telugu Titans

  • Vijendra Singh Pahal किसान मजदूर यूनियन प्रदेश महासचिव From Sonipat

    Vijendra Singh Pahal किसान मजदूर यूनियन प्रदेश महासचिव From Sonipat

  • Uttam Pahal IPS Officer Village Nizampur Gohana District Sonipat

    Uttam Pahal IPS Officer Village Nizampur Gohana District Sonipat

  • Krishan Pahal Administrative Judge for the District Banda

    Krishan Pahal Administrative Judge for the District Banda

  • Vinita Pahel DSP

    Vinita Pahel DSP

  • Ombir Singh Pahal Punjab Police

    Ombir Singh Pahal Punjab Police

  • Sandeep Kumar Payal IRS

    Sandeep Kumar Payal IRS

  • चौधरी जीवनराम पायला - Ex SPG Commando security of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.

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Further reading

References

  1. ↑ B S Dahiya:Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study), p.241, s.n.166
  2. ↑ Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Parishisht-I, s.n. प-82
  3. ↑ Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Parishisht-I, s.n. प-65
  4. ↑ O.S.Tugania:Jat Samuday ke Pramukh Adhar Bindu,p.47,s.n. 1446
  5. ↑ Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Parishisht-I, s.n. प-82
  6. ↑ Jat Varna Mimansa (1910) by Pandit Amichandra Sharma,p. 58
  7. ↑ Mahendra Singh Arya et al.: Ādhunik Jat Itihas, Agra 1998, p. 264
  8. ↑ शारथ्वतश चॊत्तरधूर महात्मा; महेष्वासॊ गौतमश चित्रयॊधी । शकैः किरातैर यवनैः पह्लवैश च; सार्धं चमूम उत्तरतॊ ऽभिपाति (VI.20.13)
  9. ↑ Mahendra Singh Arya et al: Adhunik Jat Itihas, p. 263
  10. ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.886
  11. ↑ Mahendra Singh Arya et al: Adhunik Jat Itihas, p. 263
  12. ↑ V. S. Agrawala: India as Known to Panini, 1953, p. 254
  13. ↑ V. S. Agrawala: India as Known to Panini, 1953, p. 410
  14. ↑ Dr Ompal Singh Tugania: Jat Samuday ke Pramukh Adhar Bindu, p. 18
  15. ↑ Dr Ompal Singh Tugania: Jat Samuday ke Pramukh Adhar Bindu, p. 18
  16. ↑ Natural History by Pliny Book VI/Chapter 34

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